Unit V- A Nation Facing Challenges

1
10th American History

• To insert your company logo on this slide
• From the Insert Menu
• Select Picture
• Locate your logo file
• Click OK
• To resize the logo
• Click anywhere inside the logo. The boxes that
  appear outside the logo are known as resize
  handles.
• Use these to resize the object.
• If you hold down the shift key before using the
  resize handles, you will maintain the proportions
  of the object you wish to resize.

• Unit V- A Nation Facing Challenges

Chapter 18 Section 2 Freedom Now
2
Freedom Now!

• The Main Idea
• The quest for civil rights became a nationwide
  movement in the 1960s as African Americans won
  political and legal rights, and segregation was
  largely abolished.
• Reading Focus
• What are sit-ins and Freedom Rides, and why were
  they important in the 1960s?
• How was the integration of higher education
  achieved in the South?
• What role did Albany, Georgia, and Birmingham,
  Alabama, play in the history of civil rights?
• What concerns and events led to the passage of
  the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

3
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Advocate of Tolerance
and Nonviolence (0246)
4
Non-Violent Protests during the Civil Rights
Movement

• Civil rights workers used several direct,
  nonviolent methods to confront discrimination and
  racism in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
• Boycotts
• Sit-ins
• Freedom Rides
• Many of these non-violent tactics were based on
  those of Mohandas Gandhia leader in Indias
  struggle for independence from Great Britain.
• American civil rights leaders such as James
  Farmer of CORE, Martin Luther King Jr. of SCLC,
  and others shared Gandhis views.
• James Lawson, an African American minister,
  conducted workshops on nonviolent methods in
  Nashville and on college campuses.

5
The Strategy of Nonviolence

• The Sit-in Movement
• Four college students in Greensboro, North
  Carolina, stayed in their seats at a Woolworths
  lunch counter after being refused service because
  of their race.
• Over the next few days, protesters filled 63 of
  the 66 seats at the lunch counter.
• The students were dedicated and well-behaved and
  ended each sit-in with a prayer.
• Over time, protesters in about 50 southern cities
  began to use the sit-in tactic.

• The Freedom Rides
• In 1960 the Supreme Court ordered that bus
  station facilities for interstate travelers must
  be open to all passengers. But this ruling was
  not enforced.
• CORE sent a group of Freedom Riders on a bus trip
  through the South to draw attention to this
  situation.
• Mobs angry at the Freedom Riders attempts to use
  white-only facilities firebombed a bus in
  Anniston, Alabama and attacked riders with
  baseball bats and metal pipes in Birmingham.

6
1960 Lunch Counter Sit-Ins JFK Elected with
Support from Black Leadership (0154)
7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
Results of Sit-ins and Freedom Rides

• Succeeded at getting businesses to change their
  policies
• Marked a shift in the civil rights
  movementshowed young African Americans growing
  impatience with the slow pace of change
• Leaders formed the SNCC.

Sit-ins

• After the savage beatings in Birmingham, bus
  companies refused to sell the Freedom Riders
  tickets and CORE disbanded the Freedom Ride.

Freedom Rides

• SNCC continued the Freedom Rides.
• Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent federal
  marshals to Montgomery to protect the riders.
• The Interstate Commerce Commission finally forced
  the integration of bus and train stations.

Federal Intervention
10
1961 Whites Join in with Freedom Riders Medgar
Evers is Assassinated (0053)
11
Sit-ins and Freedom Rides

• What are sit-in and Freedom Rides and why were
  they important in the 1960s?
• Identify- Who founded the Congress of Racial
  Equality?
• Summarize What happened at the sit-in at the
  Woolworth store in Greensboro, North Carolina?
• Draw Conclusions Why do you think the
  Greensboro newspaper supported the protest?

12
Sit-ins and Freedom Rides

• Contrast- In what ways were sit-ins and Freedom
  Rides different?
• Explain The success of the Freedom Riders came
  with death and blood-shed. Why was SNCC more
  successful tha CORE in conducting Freedom Rides?
• Evaluate Do you think President Kennedy should
  have done more tol enforce the Courts order
  regarding equal accommodations in bus stations?

13
(No Transcript)
14
Integration of Higher Education in the South

• By 1960 the NAACP began to attack segregation in
  colleges and universities.
• In 1961 a court order required the University of
  Georgia to admit two African American students.
• Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes suffered but
  both graduated in 1963.
• In 1962 James Meredith tried to enroll at the
  University of Mississippi.
• He arrived on campus with 500 federal marshals
  and was met by 2,500 violent protesters.
• President Kennedy went on national television to
  announce that he was sending in troops.
• The troops ended the protest but hundreds had
  been injured and two killed.
• A small force of marshals remained to protect
  Meredith until he graduated in 1963.
• In 1963 the governor of Alabama physically
  blocked Vivian Malone and James Hood from
  enrolling at the University of Alabama.

15
U.S. vs. Mississippi Campus Riots Mark
Integration (0208)
16
Alabama Story African Americans Enrolled as
Governor Yields (0134)
17
Integrating Higher Education

• How was the integration of higher education
  achieved in the South?
• Recall - Who were Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton
  Holmes and why were they able to attend the
  University of Georgia?
• Recall What organization expanded its school
  integration efforts to college and universities?
• Draw Conclusions Why do you think colleges were
  able to continue segregation after the Brown
  decision?

18
Integrating Higher Education

• Identify - Who was James Meredith?
• Summarize How did some people of Mississippi
  react to the integration of the university?
• Evaluate Which do you think was the most
  effective in dealing with the riots in
  Mississippi, President Kennedys appeal or
  sending federal toops?

19
What role did Albany, Georgia, and Birmingham,
Alabama, play in the history of civil rights?

• Local officials in Albany, Georgia, ignored the
  Interstate Commerce Commissions new integration
  rules.
• Birmingham, Alabama, was known for its strict
  enforcement of segregation.

20
The Philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr. (0420)
21
The Albany Movement

• The Movement
• SNCC began a sit-in in Albanys bus station.
• Over 500 demonstrators were arrested.
• The federal government was informed but took no
  action.
• Local leaders asked Martin Luther King Jr. to
  lead more demonstrations and to gain more
  coverage for the protests.
• He agreed and was also arrested.

• The Results
• The police chief had studied Kings tactics and
  made arrangements to counter-act the nonviolent
  protest.
• When the press arrived, King was released.
• City officials would only deal with local leaders
  until King left.
• Once King left, officials would not negotiate at
  all.
• The nine-month movement failed.

22
Birmingham, AL, 1963 Children Jailed, Protests
and Police Brutality JFK Pushes Civil Rights Act
Through Congress (0241)
23
The Birmingham Campaign

• The Campaign
• Martin Luther King raised money to fight
  Birminghams segregation laws.
• Volunteers began with sit-ins and marches and
  were quickly arrested.
• King hoped this would motivate more people to
  join the protests.
• White clergy attacked Kings actions in a
  newspaper ad.
• King wrote his Letter from a Birmingham Jail.
• Fewer African Americans were willing to join and
  risk their jobs.

• The Results
• A SCLC leader convinced King to use children for
  his protests.
• More than 900 children between ages six and
  eighteen were arrested.
• Police Chief Eugene Bull Connor used police and
  fire fighters to break up a group of about 2,500
  student protesters.
• The violence of Connors methods was all over the
  television news.
• Federal negotiators got the city officials to
  agree to many of Kings demands.

24
(No Transcript)
25
Albany and Birmingham

• What role did Albany, Georgia and Birmingham,
  Alabama play in the history of civil rights?
• Identify - What was the Albany Movement?
• Recall Why did Albany, Georgia become a civil
  rights battleground?
• Elaborate Why do you think the white clergy in
  Birmingham attacked Martin Luther King Jr.s
  actions?

26
Albany and Birmingham

• Recall How did the chief of police in Albany,
  Georgia undermine Martin Luther King Jr.s
  protest?
• Summarize What lesson did Martin Luther King
  Jr. learn from the Albany Movement?

27
Civil Rights Act of 1964

• The events in Alabama convinced President Kennedy
  to act on civil rights issues.
• Kennedy announced that he would ask for
  legislation to finally end segregation in public
  accommodations.

President Kennedy

• Medgar Evers, the head of the NAACP in
  Mississippi, was shot dead in his front yard.
• Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith was
  tried for the crime but all-white juries failed
  to convict.

Medgar Evers

• On August 28, 1963, the largest civil rights
  demonstration ever held in the United States took
  place in Washington.
• More than 200,000 people marched and listened to
  Martin Luther King Jr.s I Have a Dream speech.

March on Washington
28
Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Outlawed discrimination based on race, color,
  religion, sex, or national origin in voting,
  employment, and public services, such as
  transportation.
• To enforce the constitutional right to vote.
• To establish a Commission on Equal Employment
  Opportunity.

29
August, 1963 March on Washington MLK's (0112)
30
March on Washington
31
March on Washington
32
Passing the Civil Rights Act

• President Johnson supported passage of a strong
  civil rights bill.
• Some southerners in Congress fought hard to kill
  his bill.
• Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into
  law on July 2, 1964.
• The law banned discrimination in employment and
  in public accommodations.

33
Right to Vote, The (0123)
34
(No Transcript)
35
The Civil Rights Act of 1964

• What concerns and events led to the passage of
  the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
• Explain - What finally motivated President
  Kennedy to take action in the area of civil
  rights?
• Analyze Why was Medgar Evers assassinated?
• Elaborate Why do you think President Kennedy
  had resisted pushing strong civil rights
  legislation?

36
The Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Analyze What was the significance of the March
  on Washington?
• Evaluate Why is the 1964 Civil Rights Act
  considered landmark legislation?