AH 120 Human Diseases

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AH 120 Human Diseases

• Studying Diseases
• Inflammation

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Terminology

• Disease Altered function/physiology of a body
  organ or system
• Etiology The cause of the disease
• Pathology the abnormal physiology that produces
  the disease and its manifestations

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Terminology (cont.)

• Manifestations
• Signs
• Physical observations or measurements
• Pulse, Blood Pressure, Temperature, etc
• Symptoms
• What the patient says or feels
• Pain, difficulty breathing, etc
• Test Findings

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Terminology (cont.)

• Diagnosis
• Determining the disease process by evaluating the
  manifestations
• Also includes
• History
• Chief complaint, past medical history, social
  history, occupational history
• Physical exam and tests to obtain signs and
  symptoms
• Prognosis prediction of the outcome, usually
  expressed as likelihood of recovery or survival

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Tests

• Besides signs and symptoms, test findings are the
  other category of disease manifestations used to
  make the diagnosis

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Laboratory Tests

• Blood and body fluids tests CBC, electrolytes,
  UA, etc
• Cytology biopsies, sputum samples
• Bacteriologic studies C S, Gram staining, AFB

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Radiologic Tests
Simple chest x-ray showing Tuberculosis in the
left lung
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Radiologic Tests

• Using a contrast medium

Angiogram of carotid artery
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Radionuclide Tests (Scintiscans)

• Administering a radioisoptope and then scanning
  the area with a Geiger counter-type imaging device

Bone scan of head chest and pelvis showing tumors
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Computerized Tomography-CT Scans-

• Different planes or slices are x-rayed and then a
  computer generates a composite image

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CT Scans
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• Similar to CT scan BUT uses magnetism and
  radio frequencies INSTEAD of ionizing radiation
  to create image

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Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)

• Tracing of the electrical activity of the heart
  by placing electrodes on the arms, legs, and chest

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)

• Tracing of the electrical activity in the brain
  by placing electrodes on the head

normal
During grand mal seizure
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Diagnostic Medical Sonography-DMS-Ultrasound

• Image created by the echoes of high frequency
  sound waves

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Endoscopy

• Using a scope to view the inside of the body
  through a natural orifice or through a small
  surgical incision
• Examples Colonoscopy, Bronchoscopy,
  Esophagogastroscopy, Laparoscopy, etc

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Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)

• Measurement of lung volumes and flow rates

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Disease Treatment

• Therapeutic treatment affects the outcome of
  the disease
• Includes drugs, radiation, surgery, nutrition,
  exercise, etc
• Palliative treatment Treating symptoms only
  without affecting the outcome
• Surgery for pain relief with a terminal disease

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Inflammation

• The response of living tissue to injury. The
  inflammatory process removes injured cells and
  debris and contains the area of injury.

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Triggers of Inflammation
NOTE! Infection and Inflammation are not the same
thing!
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Septicemia (Sepsis)

• Infection spreads via the blood stream and causes
  infectious inflammation in many body
  tissues/systems.

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White Blood Cells PMNs

• Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
• Neutrophils
• Largest quantity of the WBCs
• Perform phagocytosis
• Eosinophils
• Number increases with allergy
• Basophils
• Contain histamine
• Migrate out of the blood and become mast cells

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White Blood Cells Mononuclear Leukocytes

• Monocytes
• Largest in size of WBCs
• Perform phagocytosis
• Called Macrophages or Histiocytes when they
  migrate out of blood
• Lymphocytes
• Second largest in quantity
• Release lymphotoxin and lymphokine
• More active in the immune process

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The Inflammatory Process

• 4 Stages
• Histamine released and blood flow increases as
  does permeability
• Neutrophil exudation
• Monocyte exudation
• Repair/Restoration

Trigger Trauma and Infection
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Repair Restoration

• The Inflammatory process may end in one of three
  ways

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Tissue Restoration with Varying Amounts of
Scarring
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Abscess Formation
Brain Abscess
Seen with infectious inflammation Pus consists of
dead tissue, WBCs, and microbes
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Granuloma Formation(when foreign material or
microbes cant be phagocytosed)
Non-phagocytosed material surrounded by WBCs and
fibrous tissue. Granuloma has a solid center
while an abscess has a liquid (pus) center.
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Acute Inflammation Manifestations

• Local (due to increased bloodflow and
  permeability)
• Redness
• Heat
• Swelling/Edema
• Pain
• General
• Fever
• Leukocytosis

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Chronic Inflammation

• Insidious and long lasting. Exudation and repair
  occur together
• There is less exudate and it has monocytes,
  lymphocytes, and plasma cells but no neutrophils
• Fibrosis (Scarring)
• Manifestations are less severe than acute

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Treatment

• Drugs
• Anti-inflammatory drugs aspirin, acetaminophen
  (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil), naprosin (Alleve)
• All reduce severity of process and its signs and
  symptoms
• Steroids inhibit severity of exudation and
  edema
• Antihistaminies decrease severity of
  inflammation when caused by allergy
• Antimicrobials for infectious inflammation
• Rest and gradual exercise
• Drainage of abscess

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Let's get the hell out of here!