The Global Positioning System A Worldwide Information Utility

1
The Global Positioning System A Worldwide
Information Utility

• February 2001

2
Overview

• Policy
• Applications Markets
• Augmentations
• Sustainment Modernization
• International Cooperation

3
Policy
4
GPS is a Dual-Use System

• Cold War spinoff
• Developed in 1970s-1980s to support Allied forces
• Prominent in Gulf War, Kosovo
• After KAL-007, civilians gained free access to
  Standard Positioning Service
• Commercial use now dwarfs military use
• GPS policy is managed at a national level by the
  Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)

5
Interagency GPS Executive Board
Defense
Transportation
State
Commerce
Agriculture
Interior
NASA
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Justice
6
United States GPS Policy

• Presidential Decision Directive signed in 1996,
  endorsed by Congress in 1998
• GPS Standard Positioning Service to remain free
  of direct user fees
• U.S. to promote acceptance and use of GPS as a
  world standard
• Selective Availability -- ended May 2000
• IGEB to manage GPS as a national asset

7
United States GPS Policy, contd.

• Encourage private sector investment in/use of GPS
  technologies and services
• Promote safety and efficiency in transportation
  and other fields
• Promote international cooperation in using GPS
  for peaceful purposes
• Advance scientific and technical capabilities
• Strengthen and maintain national security

8
Applications Markets
9
Worldwide Sales of GPS Goods Services Will
Reach 16B by 2003
10
Worldwide GPS Revenues By Market Segment
11
Car Navigation

• On-board navigation
• Fleet management
• Roadside assistance
• Stolen vehicle recovery
• Enhanced services
• Mass market dominated by Japan
• Dataquest Unit sales of chips for car navigation
  to reach 11.3M in 2001
• 4.7B sales by 2003

12
Consumer/Recreational

• Portable receivers for fishermen, hunters,
  hikers, cyclists, etc.
• Recreational facilities -- golf courses, ski
  resorts
• Integration of GPS into cellular phones
• E-911 requirement
• 3.8B market by 2003

13
Surveying/Mapping/GIS

• Sub-centimeter accuracy
• 100-300 savings in time, cost, labor
• Control survey point 10,000 in 1986 250 in
  1997
• Rural electrification
• Telecom tower placement
• Pipelines
• Oil, gas, and mineral exploration
• Flood plain mapping
• 3.12B market by 2003

14
Tracking/Machine Control

• Package/cargo delivery
• Fleet and asset management
• Theft recovery
• Public safety and services
• Farming, mining, and construction equipment
• DGPS/RTK required for many applications
• 3B market by 2003

15
Public Services

• City planning
• Transportation infrastructure
• Road Billing Network (ROBIN)
• Snowplows
• Emergency response
• Law enforcement
• Fire fighting
• Search and rescue
• Paramedics
• Disaster relief

16
Aviation

• GPS approved for en-route navigation
• More efficient flight routing leads to fuel
  savings
• Better tracking of aircraft enhances safety
• Closer spacing of planes increases airspace
  capacity
• 710M market by 2003

17
Maritime Navigation

• GPS-based vessel tracking and traffic management
  maximizes effectiveness of waterways
• Improved safety increases maritime commerce
• Maritime DGPS service for enhanced accuracy and
  safety available in 34 countries
• 210M market by 2003

18
Original Equipment Manufacturers

• Chipsets
• Electronic boards
• Antennas, components
• Standalone receivers
• 690M market by 2003

19
Military

• GPS is a recognized NATO standard
• GPS is required on all U.S. military systems
• Precision munitions widely used during Gulf War,
  Kosovo

20
Timing

• GPS offers an inexpensive alternative to costly,
  high maintenance timing equipment
• Telecommunications network synchronization
  management
• Phones, pagers, wireless systems
• LANs, WANs, Internet
• Financial transactions
• Electrical power grid management fault location
• Digital signatures for e-commerce
• Some estimate the timing market at 40-100M

21
Scientific Research

• Monitoring geological change
• Glaciers, tectonic plates, earthquakes, volcanoes
• Wildlife behavior
• Atmospheric modeling
• Water vapor content
• Oceanic studies
• Tidal patterns
• Surface mapping
• Time transfer

22
Environmental Management

• Forestry
• Wetlands management
• Natural resource management
• Fisheries boundary enforcement
• Endangered species and habitat preservation
• Hazardous material cleanup
• Oil spills, toxic waste

23
Emerging GPS Applications

• Entrepreneurs and scientific researchers invent
  new applications almost every day
• Higher precision is necessary for many
  cutting-edge applications
• Differential GPS (DGPS)
• Relative DGPS
• Carrier phase positioning
• Real-Time Kinematic (RTK)
• Post-processing

24
Precision Agriculture

• Maximize use of resources
• Optimized plowing of crop rows
• Tailored applications of seeds, fertilizer,
  water, pesticides
• Improved management of land, machinery,
  personnel, time
• Greater crop yields
• Net benefit 5-14 per acre
• Minimize environmental impacts
• Localized identification and treatment of
  distressed crops reduces chemical use
• Precise leveling of fields prevents fluid runoff

25
Open Pit Mining

• Enhanced management of assets, equipment
• Progress tracked in real-time, remotely
• Improved machine control saves time, lowers
  maintenance and fuel consumption, prevents
  accidents
• Rapid surveying for drilling blast holes
• Smaller, more empowered workforce

26
Space Applications

• Improved orbit and attitude control for
  spacecraft, International Space Station
• Space Station return vehicle
• Advance Land Observing Satellite uses GPS to
  calibrate high resolution radar maps
• Satellite formation flying
• Space launch range safety

27
Construction

• Machinery, asset, and personnel management
• Rapid surveys for laying foundation piles, etc.
• Accident prevention
• Remote control of machinery possible
• Japanese volcano dam

GPS/RTK technology was used in the construction
of the Øresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden
28
Europe is a Major Player in the GPS Market

• Rapid growth projected, especially in car
  navigation sector
• Many European firms already provide GPS goods and
  services
• Scandanavian GNSS Industry Council
• European governments are investing in GPS
  augmentation and reference systems
• Maritime DGPS
• EGNOS
• EUREF Permanent Network

29
The Market is Wide Open

• Civil signals are freely available, right now
• Openly published GPS specifications allow anyone
  to build receivers (no licensing fees)
• Hardware is becoming a commodity
• Huge potential exists in value-added services
• Software development
• Embedded applications
• Localized GIS databases
• Internet integration
• Wireless markets

30
Unit Cost of Receivers Is Falling At 30 Per
Year
800
600
400
200
0
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
Source U.S. GPS Industry Council
31
Projected Relative Market Share
32
Augmentations
33
Sustainment Modernization
34
Constellation Status

• 28 operational satellites
• 6 Block IIR satellites on orbit
• 23 Block II/IIA operational satellites
• Last launch January 30, 2001
• Next tentative launch date August 2001
• Continuously assessing constellation health to
  determine launch need

35
Constellation Age by Satellite
Operational Satellite
Non-Operational
Predicted Mean Mission Duration Block II 8.90
years Block IIA 10.68 years Block IIR 10 years
(est.)
Years on Orbit
SVN
14
13
16
19
17
18
20
21
15
23
24
25
28
26
27
32
29
22
31
37
39
35
34
36
33
40
30
38
43
46
51
44
41
II
IIA
IIR
36
GPS Modernization Program

• Need for upgrades recognized as GPS entered Full
  Operational Capability
• Anti-jam military needs
• Better, more reliable civilian service
• Recognized growing importance of GPS to both
  sectors
• 1996 Presidential policy and 1998/1999 Vice
  Presidential announcements committed U.S. to
  modernization and improvement path
• New signals, better service ( no direct user
  fees)
• Selective Availability (SA) discontinued
• Over 1 billion added to future U.S. GPS
  investment

37
The End of Selective AvailabilityMay 2, 2000
38
Modernized Signal Evolution
Present Signal (Block II/IIA/IIR)
2nd Civil M-Code Block IIR-M (IOC 2008 FOC
2010)
3rd Civil Block IIF (IOC 2012 FOC 2014)
1176 MHz (L5)
1227 MHz (L2)
1575 MHz (L1)
39
Block IIR-Modified

• L1 Enhancements
• New ME code

• L2 Enhancements
• New ME code
• New civilian signal (selectable between C/A R/C)

L2
L1

• Modifications Status
• Power system characterized
• New high power amplifier
• brass-boarded
• Initial backward compatibility
• tests completed
• New L-band panel designed
• Software flexible M-code
• spectrum and signal power
• levels

• Modernizing towards
• the next generation
• of GPS
• Modifying Block IIR
• satellites
• Tailored constellation
• sustainment program

40
Block IIR Schedule
FY00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
Basic IIR Launches (JPO Projected Profile)
Dev
IOC Mearth
FOC Mearth
ATP Aug 00
PDR
CDR
SV 10-21 Modification
1st IIR SV Retrofit/Delivery/Launch
1st IIF Lite Delivery/Launch
12th SV Retrofit/Delivery/Launch
OCS
Legacy Update
Development
Legacy Ops
Transition
41
Block IIF

• L2 Enhancements
• ME code added
• New civilian signal (selectable between C/A R/C)

• L1 Enhancements
• ME code added

L2
L1
L5

• New L5 Signal
• New robust Civilian Nav Signal

• Modify six satellites already
• on contract to include
• M-code on L1 and L2
• L5 signal
• Procure additional Block IIF
• satellites necessary to sustain
• constellation
• Six plus options
• Ensure compatible M-Code
• signal implementation
• Define Control Segment
• changes for implementation
• under SPI effort

• Program Status
• Recognized need to push up
• schedule for operational need
• date - Sep 05
• Compressing development
• Program schedule
• Revising long-lead and
• production program phasing

42
Block IIF Schedule
FY00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
ATP (Aug 00)
IOC Mearth
FOC Mearth
IOC L5 2012
FOC L5 2014
IIF Development
V5 SW Delivery
OCS Version 5
V6 SW Delivery
DAE Review
OCS Version 6
Development
Ops
Transition
SV 1-6 Modification
IAT
4/01
Last IIR Mod Vehicle
4
5
6
2
1
3
SV Deliveries
JPO Projected Launch Profiles
IIF
SV Launches
SV 7 - 9
IAT
LL
Prod
7
8
9
SV 10 - 12
IAT
LL
Prod
10
11
12
43
Operational Control Segment
Incremental software versions and hardware
upgrades to support modernization requirements

• Control M-Code
• Transition from mainframe system to distributed
  system architecture
• Support improved system security architecture
  Accuracy Improvement Initiatives (add NIMA
  monitoring stations improve Kalman filter)
  initial Block IIF functionality
• Full Block IIF functionality support L5

44
GPS III Program

• Procure cost-effective GPS system to meet next
  generation military and civilian positioning,
  navigation, and timing needs

Space Segment
Control Segment
User Equipment
45
The GPS III Opportunity

• Assess system-wide architectural alternatives to
• Achieve current and long term GPS performance
  goals
• Reduce long term total ownership costs
• Capitalize on emerging technologies
• Provide flexibility and robustness to meet
  evolving requirements
• Discover military and economic value of pushing
  to higher performance capabilities
• Scope
• Military and Civil
• Possible augmentation opportunities

Ensure best GPS system for the next 30 years
46
GPS III Concept Exploration Phase

• 12-month study between government and industry
• Two contractors (Lockheed Martin, Boeing)
• Firm Fixed Price contracts
• 16M per contractor
• Awarded 8 Nov 00
• Spectrum Astro (participating on company funds)
• Near term goals
• Build technical requirements set
• Illustrate requirements through architectural
  solutions
• Complete Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and cost benefit
  assessment

47
GPS III Study Phase Products

• Technical Requirements for Development
  Milestones
• Architectures that support Technical
  Requirements
• Life Cycle Cost estimates for each Architecture
• Risk Analysis
• Draft System Effectiveness and Performance
  Metrics
• Initial Test and Evaluation Master Plan (TEMP)
• Acquisition Strategy
• Entry/Exit criteria for Development Milestones
• Technology Roadmap

48
GPS III Architecture Study Status

• Successful initial meetings (Nov 00) and
  Laboratory Days (Jan 01)
• Near real-time communication in place (web-based)
• Lockheed Martin
• Three teams (System Engineering, Architecture,
  Life Cycle Cost)
• Solid initial architectural assessments
• Boeing
• Five teams (System Concept, User, Ground, Space,
  Secondary Payloads, Operations and Support)
• Focusing on mission and requirements analysis
• Spectrum Astro
• Signed Memorandum of Agreement (Dec 00)
• Program plan, schedule, and team structure near
  complete
• Providing innovative inputs to GPS III, working
  to improve position for follow-on phases

49
GPS III Acquisition Strategy
50
GPS III Acquisition Strategy, Contd
51
International Cooperation
52
International Cooperation

• Promote acceptance and peaceful use of GPS and
  its augmentations
• International offering of GPS to ICAO and IMO
• Service free of direct user charges
• Non-proprietary signal standards for civil
  services
• GPS Augmentations -- Worldwide interoperability
• Space-based systems (WAAS, MSAS, EGNOS) for
  aviation
• Land-based DGPS technology for maritime and
  terrestrial uses already adopted by 35 countries
• Global, non-proprietary standards

53
Principles for Cooperation

• No direct user fees for civil and public safety
  services
• Ensure open market driven competition for user
  equipment and applications
• Open signal structure for all civil services to
  promote equal access for applications development
  and value added services
• Protection of the current radionavigation
  spectrum from disruption and interference
• Use of GPS time, geodesy, and signal structure
  standards
• Seamless, global interoperability of future
  systems with GPS
• Recognition of national and international
  security issues and protecting against misuse

54
U.S. - Japan Cooperation

• September 1998 Joint Statement signed
• GPS based augmentations
• Largest commercial market share for products and
  services
• September 1999 Working Groups met in Washington,
  D.C.
• Policy
• Transportation
• Commercial Scientific
• February 2001 Plenary Meeting, Tokyo

55
U.S. - Russia Consultation

• May 19 in Washington, D.C.
• Excellent dialogue
• Many common views
• Principles of Cooperation
• Next meeting in Moscow

56
U.S. - E.U. Consultations

• Use of GPS and its augmentations for commercial
  products and services incorporating open signal
  structure
• 1998 U.S. presented draft Framework Agreement
  based on GPS and its augmentations
• Consider inclusion of International Advisory
  Commission, Intent of Guarantee, Statement of
  Free Service
• 2000 Cooperation concept
• Stage 1 Framework Cooperative Agreement based on
  Principles of Cooperation
• Stage 2 Working groups
• Stage 3 Follow-on agreement to cover Galileo
  operations phase

57
U.S. - E.U. Draft Agreement

• Presented to the Commission on October 5
• Embodies GPS Policy Principles of Cooperation
• Government provided satellite signals free of
  user fees
• Interoperability with GPS
• Open signals for critical infrastructure and
  safety-of-life services
• Open specifications and markets for civil
  equipment and services
• Users choose which system or combination best
  meet their needs
• Recognizes efforts of other fora ICAO, IMO, ITU
• Accounts for different levels of system maturity
• Lays foundation for future cooperation
• Next round of talks scheduled for March 20-21,
  2001

58
U.S. Questions About Galileo

• To be understood
• Revenue stream generation
• Future regulatory actions
• Required use (mandate through standards)
• Interoperability of free open system with
  fee-based encrypted system
• Safety of life applications
• Prevention of misuse
• Open specifications and standards for equal
  worldwide market access
• Spectrum use
• Security service

59
Summary

• GPS is a key component of the global information
  infrastructure
• U.S. is committed to providing GPS service free
  of direct user fees to users worldwide
• Adherence to U.S. principles has led to GPS
  standardization and market growth
• GPS modernization is under way
• U.S. is continuing international outreach to
  further understanding of GPS, its augmentations,
  and its applications
• U.S. is fostering international dialogue to be
  responsive to global user needs