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The Making of Modern Europe (1450-1700)

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Title: The Making of Modern Europe (1450-1700)


1
The Making of Modern Europe (1450-1700)
  • Europe began devising new techniques to increase
    its power and force to such an extent that
    European dynastic states achieved global
    domination.

2
I. A New Way of Thinking
3
A. The New World (Mundus Novus)
  • First applied to Columbus voyages
  • Later applied to a new societal outlook
  • Francis Bacons The Great Reversal (1620)
  • Priority of seeking knowledge through reason and
    the scientific method
  • Observation and experimentation valued
  • Practical knowledge was prized

4
B. The Role of Doubt in the New Search for Truth
  • Breakdown in the medieval system of unitary
    belief
  • Aggravated by the Reformation
  • Humanism competes rather than complements the
    Christian tradition
  • The Essay a new literary genre
  • Removal of politics from the realm of religion

5
C. The Printing Press
  • Intellectual Revolution through the spread of
    books and tracts
  • Literacy grows
  • Communication between scholars grows
  • Standardization of texts

6
D. The Scientific Revolution
  • Aristotelian universe comes under scrutiny and
    attack
  • The challenge of Copernicus
  • Theological application of Aristotles cosmology
  • The medieval, Aristotelian cosmos
  • Aristotles understanding of motion
  • Concept of matter and form

7
II. A New World To Explore
8
A. Motivation
  • Western trade route to Asia
  • Lust for Wealth
  • Religious motives
  • Notion of mercantilism
  • Joint Stock Companies formed
  • Nationalistic Competition
  • Curiosity and Sense of Adventure
  • Leave personal problems behind

9
B. Method
10
(1) New Inventions
  • Medieval Navigational methods
  • Earliest compass appears in Europe in the 1200s
  • The development of the astrolabe
  • Improvements in Cartography

11
(2) New Ships
  • Medieval Galley Ships
  • The new Caravel or Fully-Rigged Ship
  • Required new, tumble home hull design
  • Ships become floating cannon platforms

12
(3) Results
  • European domination of the globeat a price
  • Brutal warfare of Europeans and Native Americans
  • Ecological Revolution
  • Epidemiological Disaster
  • The importation of African slaves

13
III. A New Warfare to Wage
14
A. The Introduction of Gunpowder
  • Chinese origins
  • First guns in Italy during the 14th century
  • Cannons introduced to Europe during the Hundred
    Years War
  • Cannons were instrumental in the Ottoman siege of
    Constantinople in 1453

15
B. The Impact of this Technological Revolution
  • Warfare was royalized
  • Associated industries were stimulated
  • --Between 1460-1530, there was a 500 increase
    in metal production in Europe
  • Infantry became the primary fighting unit instead
    of the cavalry

16
C. The New Significance of the Infantry
  • Cost
  • Professionalism
  • Social Impact
  • Ennobling Aspect of War questioned
  • New Tactics
  • Vulnerability of mounted troops

17
D. New Technologies Resulting from Gunpowder
Warfare
  • Improvements in the quality of gunpowder
  • Shape, size and mobility of cannons are improved
  • Standardization of the caliber of weapons
  • Science of ballistics develops

18
IV. New European Dynastic States
19
A. Comparison to Medieval Monarchy
  • Royal power was restricted regionally
  • Complex pattern of overlapping jurisdictions
  • Feudalism
  • Changes in warfare described previously increased
    the power of the monarch at the expense of the
    nobility
  • Royal efficiency in collecting taxes

20
A. Comparison to Medieval Monarchy (cont)
  • Royal bureaucracy became a national
    administration
  • Global domination by European monarchies for the
    first time in history
  • No standing army leads to a less powerful king
  • Tax immunity for nobles
  • Medieval institutions devolved over time
  • Geographic shift in European political and
    economic power

21
B. Absolutism The French Alternative
22
(1) The Definition and Evolution of Absolutism
  • Sovereignty embedded in the person of the ruler
  • -- Letat cest moi.
  • National crisis in France between 1570-1600 is
    ended by the Edict of Nantes (1598)
  • The regency of Louis XIII Cardinal Richelieu
  • Political power more important than religious
    purity

23
(1) The Evolution of Absolutism (cont)
  • Richelieu attacks the power of the French
    nobility
  • The regency of Louis XIV Cardinal Mazarin
  • The Fronde Rebellion
  • Louis near drowning during the Fronde
  • Reign of Louis XIV is the longest of any European
    monarch in history 1643-1715

24
(2) Symbol of French Absolutism Louis XIV
  • Versailles is the stage for this drama of
    absolutism
  • The Sun King
  • Louis use of gunpowder warfare
  • The financial policies of Colbert
  • Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
  • Use of secret police
  • French manners and absolutism copied all over
    Europe

25
C. Constitutional Monarchy The English
Alternative
26
(1) Background
  • Elizabeth I dies without an heir
  • Advent of the Stuart Dynasty
  • --James I 1603-1625
  • --Charles I 1625-1649
  • Power of the British Parliament
  • Powerful minority of Puritans in Parliament

27
(2) Crisis
  • The Long Parliament (1640)
  • English Civil War 1642-1649
  • Execution of Charles I in 1649
  • The Interregnum
  • --Oliver Cromwell

28
(3) Restoration
  • Charles II agrees to call Parliament often
    (1660-1685)
  • Charles II develops a primitive cabinet system
  • Secret deal to re-Catholicize England
  • Reign of James II (1685-1688)
  • Produces a Catholic male heir

29
(4) The Glorious Revolution
  • James II with wife and child fled to France
  • Bloodless Revolution
  • Parliament offers the throne to William and Mary
  • English monarchs accepted they were under the
    rule of law and sovereignty rested with the people

30
V. William Shakespeare The Prophet of Modern
Europe (1564-1616)
  • Renaissance focus on Classical Culture
  • Nationalistic impulses
  • Exorbitant Ambition
  • Increasing Individualism
  • The Anguish and Uncertainty of Modern Man
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