Boscoreale cups, ca. 12-14 CE

1
Boscoreale cups, ca. 12-14 CE Augustus on curule
chair, holding globe, followed by Mars and 7
provinces personified (or 4 Virtus, Venus,
Eros), turning towards Venus, who holds Victoria
and is followed by Roma and the Genius Populi
Romani (Roman people personified)
Boscoreale cups, ca. 12-14 CE Augustus as
imperator, on military commanders stool,
extending his hand to barbarians and their
children
2
Shield of Virtue, 26 BCE, from Arles(shield
was granted in 27 BCE)
SenatusPopulusque RomanusImp(eratori) Caesari
divi f(ilio) AugustoCo(n)s(ul) VIII dedit
clupeumvirtutis clementiaeiustitiae pietatis
ergadeos patriamque
The Senateand the Roman peopleto Commander
Caesar Augustus, son of the Divine,in his 8th
consulship 26 BCE, gave the shield of
virtue,clemency, justice, pietyfor his
actionstowards the gods and the fatherland
3
Augustus and the Shield of Virtue, 19
BCE(clipeus virtutis in literature clupeus
virtutis in coins, inscriptions)
Obverse Caesar AugustusReverse S(enatus)
P(opulus) q(ue) R(omanus) cl(upeum)
v(irtutis)The Senate and the Roman people
dedicated the shield of virtue What do these
four virtues embody? virtus virtueclementia
clemencyiustitia justicepietas
piety
4
First Book of the First Decad The Histories From
the Foundation of the City by Titus Livius of
Patavium(Paris, 1543)
5
Tacitus Complete Works and Velleius History
(Antwerp, 1648)