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A New Nation

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A New Nation Chapter 8 Washington Leads a New Nation Chapter 7 1 The First President The First President George Washington was elected as the first president of ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: A New Nation


1
A New Nation
  • Chapter 8

2
Washington Leads a New Nation
  • Chapter 7 1

3
The First President
4
The First President
  • George Washington was elected as the first
    president of the US.
  • John Adams became the first vice president.
  • Many Americans feared a president would try to
    become king, but they trusted Washington.
  • Washington said the president should be addressed
    as Mr. President.

5
John Adams
George Washington
6
  • Congress set up 3 departments in the executive
    branch and President Washington appointed people
    to head those departments.
  • State Department
  • Handles relations with foreign countries
  • Thomas Jefferson was the first Secretary of State
  • Condoleezza Rice is the current Secretary of
    State

7
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8
  • Treasury Department
  • Handles financial matters
  • Alexander Hamilton was the first Secretary of
    Treasury
  • Henry M. Paulson, Jr. is the current Secretary of
    Treasury

9
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10
  • War Department
  • Provides for the nations common defense
  • Henry Knox was the first Secretary of War
  • Robert Gates is the current Secretary of Defense

11
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12
  • Congress also created the office of attorney
    general to handle the govt legal affairs
  • Edmund Randolph served as the first Attorney
    General

13
  • Together these departments became known as the
    Executive Cabinet.
  • The Executive Cabinets job is to assist the
    President make critical decisions concerning the
    country.

14
Hamilton and National Finances
  • Chapter 7 2

15
National Debt
16
National Debt
  • As secretary of the treasury, Alexander
    Hamiltons biggest challenge was paying off the
    national debt from the Revolutionary War.
  • A national debt is owed by the US.
  • The US owed about 11.7 million to foreign
    countries and about 40.4 million to US citizens.

17
  • Hamilton wanted to pay the foreign debt
    immediately and gradually repay the total value.
  • During the war, the govt raised w/ bonds.
  • Bonds are certificates of debt that carry a
    promise to buy back the bonds at a higher price.
  • Bondholders who needed sold their bonds for
    less than the original value to speculators.
  • Speculators are people who buy items at low
    prices.

18
  • The 2nd part of his plan caused disagreements b/c
    paying full value would allow speculators to make
    a profit.
  • Thomas Jefferson thought this idea cheated
    bondholders who had sold their bonds at low
    prices.

19
States Debts
20
States Debts
  • The states owed 25 million for Revolutionary War
    expenses.
  • Hamilton wanted the federal govt to pay for
    21.5 million of this debt. He believed that
    this action would help the federal govt.
  • The S., however, did not want to help the federal
    govt pay the debts of other states.

21
  • Hamilton knew in order to get his plan passed, he
    would need the help of southern representatives.
  • Hamilton met w/ southern representatives and
    promised the moved the capital from the N. to the
    S.
  • The compromise worked!! The capital was moved
    from Philadelphia to land between Maryland and
    Virginia.
  • This land is known as Washington D.C.

22
Jefferson Opposes Hamilton
23
  • Alexander Hamilton believed in a strong federal
    govt.
  • Thomas Jefferson wanted to protect the powers of
    the states.
  • Their conflict reflected basic differences in
    their opinions about democracy.
  • Hamilton had little faith in the people and
    thought they could not make their own decisions
    unless they were wealthy. Jefferson, on the
    other hand, believed that it was the right of all
    people to rule the country.

24
  • Hamilton and Jefferson also fought over how the
    countrys economy should grow.
  • Hamilton wanted to promote manufacturing and
    business. In addition, he wanted to pass higher
    tariffs.
  • Jefferson worried about depending too much on
    business and manufacturing. He believed that
    farmers would be the most effective by this.
  • A final disagreement between Hamilton and
    Jefferson was over the start of a national bank.

25
  • Hamilton wanted to start a national bank where
    the govt could safely deposit its money. The
    bank would also make loans to the govt and
    businesses.
  • Both Jefferson and James Madison believed that
    Hamiltons plan gave too much power to the
    federal govt.
  • Jefferson wrote to President Washington to stop
    the development of the national bank. However,
    Washington and Congress agreed w/ Hamilton and in
    1791 the Bank of the US was created.

26
Challenges for the New Nations
  • Chapter 7 3

27
The Whiskey Rebellion
28
The Whiskey Rebellion
  • Alexander Hamilton placed a tax on whiskey. His
    actions led to a rebellion in the west.
  • Many farmers used the surplus corn to make
    whiskey. They used this whiskey to trade for
    other goods they needed.
  • 500 farmers w/ swords, guns, and pitchforks
    attacked tax collectors and burned down buildings.

29
  • This protest was known as the Whiskey Rebellion.
  • President Washington personally took 13,000
    soldiers to crush the rebellion.
  • The rebellion collapsed as soon as the army
    crossed the Appalachian Mts.

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31
Struggle Over the West
32
Struggle Over the West
  • The govt faced problems w/ Native Americans in
    the W.
  • On many occasions, Native Americans turned to
    Britain and Spain for help.
  • The 2 European nations jumped on the chance to
    prevent further American settlement.
  • Washington signed treaties w/ Indians concerning
    lands in the west, yet many Americans ignored the
    treaties and moved onto the Indian lands.

33
The French Revolution
34
The French Revolution
  • At first, many Americans cheered and supported
    the French overthrowing the govt.
  • The French had helped the Americans gain their
    independence and their revolution seemed to
    embody many of the ideals of the American
    Revolution.
  • However, this changed when the war became bloody,
    attacked religion and had a disregard for
    citizens liberties.

35
  • In 1793, France and Britain went to war. People
    in the S. sided w/ France while people in the N.
    sided w/ Britain b/c they traded w/ Britain.
  • President Washington issued the Proclamation of
    Neutrality which
  • Prohibited American citizens from fighting in the
    war
  • Barred French/British warships from American
    ports
  • Closed American seaports

36
  • The British began seizing American ships that
    traded w/ the French and made the merchants join
    the British navy.
  • When the US made peace with the Native Americans
    in the W., the US and Britain signed the Jays
    Treaty. Jays Treaty did the following
  • Britain agreed to withdraw from American soil
  • Pay damages for ships they seized
  • Allow American ships to trade w/ British colonies

37
  • The US even signed a treaty with Spain known as
    Pinckneys Treaty.
  • In the treaty, Spain gave America access to the
    Mississippi River and destroyed their forts on
    American soil.

38
Washingtons Farewell
39
Washingtons Farewell
  • Washington served 8 yrs as president and
    announced he would not run again for another 4
    yrs.
  • Before Washington left the presidency, he issued
    the Farewell Address.
  • In his address, Washington
  • Said political parties are EVIL
  • Do not have permanent alliances w/ foreign
    nations (dont trust foreign countries)
  • Stay out of European affairs, let them handle
    their own business (mind your own business)

40
John Adams Presidency
  • Chapter 7 4

41
The Election of 1796
42
Election of 1796
  • The election of 1796 began a new era in US
    politics.
  • For the 1st time, more than 1 candidate ran for
    president.
  • Political parties had begun to form. Despite
    Washingtons warnings about political parties,
    the rivalry between 2 parties dominated the 1796
    election.

43
  • Alexander Hamilton found the Federalist Party,
    which supported the federal govt and big
    businesses.
  • Thomas Jefferson and James Madison found the
    Democratic-Republican Party, which wanted to
    limit the power of the federal govt.
  • In the end, John Adams defeated Thomas Jefferson
    and became the 2nd president of the US.

44
  • Many people did not like John Adams b/c they saw
    him as cold and distant.
  • However, they respected him b/c of his hard work,
    honesty, and intelligence.

45
XYZ Affair
46
XYZ Affair
  • Early in his administration, Adams faced a
    problem w/ France.
  • The French did not like the treaty the US signed
    w/ Britain. They viewed it as the US assisting
    the British in their war.

47
  • President Adams, wanted to avoid war w/ France.
    Therefore, he sent delegation to Paris to try to
    resolve the issue.
  • The French foreign minister refused to meet w/
    the Americans.
  • Instead, he sent 3 agents who demanded a bribe
    and a loan for France from the US.
  • Adams referred to the 3 agents as X, Y, and Z,
    this became known as the XYZ Affair.
  • The President urged congress to declare war on
    France.

48
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49
  • Congress responded by creating the Navy
    Department and built warships.
  • They also appointed George Washington as
    commanding general.
  • Congress, however, never really declared war on
    France.
  • Instead, the US and France fought an undeclared
    war naval battle.

50
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51
Alien and Sedition Acts
52
Alien and Sedition Acts
  • B/c the US had a lot of immigrants, they wondered
    if a war broke out w/ France, who would all the
    immigrants support.
  • As a result, the US passed the Alien Act.
  • Gave president the power to deport aliens he
    considered dangerous
  • Made it difficult for immigrants to become
    citizens
  • Made individuals live here 14 yr instead of 5 yrs
    to become citizens of the US

53
  • Congress also passed the Sedition Act.
  • Made it a crime to speak, write, or publish
    false, scandalous and malicious criticism of
    the govt, Congress or the president.
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