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Ch. 7Film

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... moviegoers crave films with antiheroes e.g. gangsters and monsters. ... 1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark begins new Lucas/Spielberg collaboration. 1982 E.T. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Ch. 7Film


1
Ch. 7--Film
2
In a little more than 100 years, film has
undergone many transitions.
  • From the recording of mundane events to a major
    art medium.
  • From silent pictures to sound and
    computer-generated effects.
  • From the only visual medium to one that competes
    with TV.

3
Timeline of Film
  • 1671Athanasius Kircher bases his magic lantern
    on the persistence of vision effect.
  • 1877Photographer Eadweard Muybridge and engineer
    John Isaacs record a horses gallop with 24
    synchronized still cameras.

4
  • 1888William Dickson, an assistant to Thomas
    Edison, develops early motion picture camera.
  • Flexible film is invented by George Eastman

5
  • 1896Edison develops kinetoscope to project
    images on screens to paying audiences.
  • 1903Edwin S. Porter releases first film to tell
    a story, The Great Train Robbery.

6
  • 1905Film industry is blooming in Fort Lee, New
    Jersey. Films shot on rooftops to take advantage
    of outdoor light.
  • 1910Filmmakers move to a small orange-growing
    community later known as Hollywood. Actors
    referred to disparagingly as movies.

7
  • 1915D.W. Griffith releases Birth of a Nation.
    Griffith devises modern editing techniques.
  • 1919Griffiths Intolerance is most expensive
    movie ever made, exceeding 1 million. Begins
    practice of movies requiring financing.

8
The Star System
  • Beginning in the 1920s, many moviegoers would
    attend films for the performers rather than the
    stories.

9
  • 1927Sound motion pictures, talkies, are
    introduced in the The Jazz Singer.
  • By 1930, 95 of Hollywood films have sound.

10
  • 1929On with the Show is the first all-talking
    film.
  • 1930sBecause of the Great Depression, moviegoers
    crave films with antiheroese.g. gangsters and
    monsters.

11
The contributions of Citizen Kane
  • This 1941 breakthrough film about the life of
    William Randolph Hearst used
  • Innovative sound effects
  • High contrast in lighting
  • Dolly shots
  • Layers of sound
  • Innovative narrative structure

12
The War Years
  • From 1941-1945, Hollywood got behind the war
    effort. Stars joined up or sold war bonds. Films
    were made with patriotic themes.

13
  • 1946Hollywoods biggest attendance year ever 90
    million Americans go once a week to the theater.

14
  • 1947Beginning of Red Scare era Congress probes
    Hollywood for Communist sympathizers. Joseph
    McCarthy heads investigation.
  • Hollywood Ten found in contempt of Congress for
    refusing to cooperate with investigation

15
Dalton Trumbo
  • A black-listed screenwriter, Trumbo works under
    the pseudonym, Robert Rich. Under this name, he
    wins the Academy Award for Best Screenplay.

16
  • 1948Courts ban vertical integration (Paramount
    Decision) by which Hollywood studios owned
    theaters.
  • 1950sMovie attendance declines 55 percent
    because of TV.

17
Hollywood Fights Back
  • Filmmakers and theater owners do the following
    to compete against the new medium of TV
  • Color
  • Wider screens
  • Improved Sound
  • Adult Content
  • Air conditioning
  • 3-D
  • Drive-in Theaters

18
  • 1955 Blackboard Jungle is first movie to use
    rock music.
  • 1960sReflecting desires of the Baby Boomers,
    movies become more youth-oriented. (Easy Rider,
    The Graduate.)

19
  • 1972-Average film costs 1.9 million to produce
    (By 1993, 44 million).
  • 1975Spielberg attracts attention with Jaws.
  • 1977Lucas Star Wars released, ushering in new
    era of special effects.

20
  • 1981Raiders of the Lost Ark begins new
    Lucas/Spielberg collaboration.
  • 1982E.T. becomes top grossing movie to this
    time.
  • 1985Robert Zemekis, a Spielberg protégé, has hit
    with Back to the Future.

21
  • 1991Soviet Union, before break-up has 58 percent
    of the worlds theaters, 154,000compared to
    17,000 in the U.S.
  • 1993Jurassic Park requires that new technology
    and software be designed as movie is produced.
    (500 million gross to date)

22
  • 1994Forrest Gump released, winning an Academy
    Award for Best Picture and Best Director.
    (Grosses 275 million in first year)
  • 1995Drive-ins, which once numbered 4,000
    screens, are down to 870 theaters.

23
  • 1998Titanic is costliest movie ever at 200
    million.

24
Markets for Movies
  • First Runsbox office releases targeted for
    seasonal audiences.
  • Video Releasemovies sold to distributors for
    home market
  • TV Re-issuemovies sold as packages to pay per
    view, premium cable channels and broadcast TV.

25
  • Merchandise Tie-insLicensed products based on
    movies make fortunes for studios (2 billion in
    seven years for Star Wars products) Examples
    T-shirts, posters, toys, coffee cups, key chains,
    CDs and books.

26
  • Product Placementsubtle plugging of products by
    showing them as props in the film. Simple shots
    can go for 50,000. Multiple plugs for half a
    million.

27
Movie Financing
  • Studios and banks
  • Venture capitalists
  • Corporate investors

28
Distribution
  • Blind bidding demands that exhibitors sign
    contracts for films before films are released.
  • Selective contract adjustments gives theater
    owners who cooperate with distributors
    preferential treatment.

29
  • Four-walling is an arrangement by which
    distributors lease theaters and keep all
    receipts.
  • Block booking is illegal in the U.S. but is
    practiced abroad. Theaters are forced to accept
    mediocre films along with big budget films.

30
Who gets paid what?
  • In the first week, theaters generally split box
    office with studios.
  • Big name stars take a percentage of gross box
    office take.

31
Some movies make itsome dont
  • Easy Rider cost 370,000 but took in 40 million
    plus. Dune cost 42 million but took in only 16
    million. Blair Witch cost a little over 35,000
    but made tens of millions of dollars so far.

32
Movie Censorship Ratings
  • Studios in 1922 created the Motion Picture
    Producers and Distributors of America
    organization, known as the Hays Office. Codified
    Motion Picture Production Code in 1930.
  • Legion of Decency formed in 1934 by Catholic
    bishops..
  • Todays ratings G, PG, PG-13, R, NC-17

33
Who rates your movies?
  • Full-time, seven-member board of the MPAA rates
    all movies.
  • Board members serve two-year terms.

34
Future of Film
  • Hollywood embracing new technology, CD and DVD.
    (Sonys 2,700-film library can be used to enhance
    software.
  • So long projectionists! Movies will likely be
    transmitted to theaters via cable or satellite.

35
  • Multimedia theaters may develop, perhaps with
    audiences voting for different plot twists and
    endings.
  • Movies may be released on the Internet for
    consumer download.
  • Internet will be ever more important in promoting
    new films.

36
What wont change
  • Despite our in-home comforts and technology,
    people still like to gather in the dark to have
    the collective experience of watching movies.
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