Title: Energy concept for future oil refineries with an emphasis on separation processes
1Energy concept for future oil refineries with an
emphasis on separation processes
- Antonio Brandão
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Federal University of Campina Grande
- Campina Grande, Paraiba
- December 2011
2About this presentation
- Motivation
- Focus on environmental aspects in oil refining is
not enough (Szklo 2007, DOE 2000). - Energy-efficient processes in oil refining are
paramount. - Need for research in this field is a must.
- Important literature
- U.S. DOE, Energy Bandwidth for Petroleum Refining
Processes, Office of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy, Office of Industrial
Technologies, 2006. - Szklo, A., Schaeffer, R., Fuel specification,
energy consumption and CO2 emission in oil
refineries, Energy 32, 10751092, 2007. - Focus
- Whats up on the future of energy consumption in
oil refineries. - Opportunities Attempt to give directions, not
specific solutions for particular problems (e.g.,
impact of sulfur reduction in diesel and/or
gasoline). - Looking at the big picture Not restricted to
separation processes. - Goal
- Attempting to show what one can expect in terms
of more energy-efficient refineries in the long
run.
3About this presentation
Energy concept Energy efficiency. Keep it
simple!
Energy concept for future refineries.
Directions will be given but problems wont be
solved here!
Splitter
Future Next 20 years??? Nothing futuristic! No
revolution!
- Directions will be given Well, it cannot be
different since there are lots of alternatives to
consider. But details wont be discussed here! - You may try, e.g., Oil Refining Industry -
Process Flow - Data Sheets.pdf, for specifics.
4Outline
- A vision for the future
- A simple guide to oil refining
- Energetic issues in an oil refinery
- Thermodynamic analysis and measures to improve
energy consumption. - Crude oil distillation (atmospheric and vacuum)
- Fluid catalytic cracking
- Catalytic hydrotreating
- Catalytic reforming
- Alkylation
- Hydrogen generation
- Separation processes
- Recap and future directions
- References
5A vision for the future
- According to the APIs Technology Vision 2020 A
Technology Vision for the U.S. Petroleum Refining
Industry API 2000 report, - The petroleum industry of the future will be
environmentally sound, energy-efficient, safe and
simpler to operate. It will be completely
automated, operate with minimal inventory, and
use processes that are fundamentally
well-understood. Over the long term, it will be
sustainable, viable, and profitable, with
complete synergy between refineries and product
consumers. - To improve energy and process efficiency, the
industry will strive to use cost-effective
technology with lower energy-intensity.
Refineries will integrate state-of-the-art
technology (e.g., separations, catalysts, sensors
and controls, biotechnology) to leapfrog current
refinery practice and bring efficiency to new
levels.
6Outline
- A vision for the future
- A simple guide to oil refining
- Energetic issues in an oil refinery
- Thermodynamic analysis and measures to improve
energy consumption. - Crude oil distillation (atmospheric and vacuum)
- Fluid catalytic cracking
- Catalytic hydrotreating
- Catalytic reforming
- Alkylation
- Hydrogen generation
- Separation processes
- Recap and future directions
- References
7A simple guide to oil refining
- According to the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS) DOE 2006,
petroleum refineries are defined as - Establishments primarily engaged in refining
crude petroleum into refined petroleum.
Picture of the oil refinery of the future, if the
oil consumption maintains its forever growing
pace Actually, this is a 1876 oil refinery in
California.
8A simple guide to oil refining Exxon 2005
9A simple guide to oil refining
- In short
- Everything is upgraded to valuable products More
fuel! - Over 43 of production is gasoline.
- C.a. 80 is converted to fuel.
- It is a huge, extremely complex process
facility!!! - Lots of reactions and separations to add value to
the products. - Many opportunities for energy savings.
10Outline
- A vision for the future
- A simple guide to oil refining
- Energetic issues in an oil refinery
- Thermodynamic analysis and measures to improve
energy consumption. - Crude oil distillation (atmospheric and vacuum)
- Fluid catalytic cracking
- Catalytic hydrotreating
- Catalytic reforming
- Alkylation
- Hydrogen generation
- Separation processes
- Recap and future directions
- References
11Energetic issues in an oil refinery (DOE 2000,
Pellegrino 2005)
- Refinery gas petroleum coke other oil-based
by-products accounts for 65 of the energy
sources in an oil refinery. - 38 of the energy sources in an oil refinery are
used to produce non-fuel products like lubricant
oils, wax, asphalt, and petrochemical feedstocks. - Oil refineries generate large amounts of
electricity on-site. In the U.S., over 40 (1994)
of electricity in refineries are on-site
generated. - The cost of energy for heat and power accounts
for c.a. 40 of the operating costs in a
refinery!!!
12Energetic issues in an oil refinery DOE 2007
13Energetic issues in an oil refinery DOE 1998
- According to the NAICS (The North American
Industry Classification System), petroleum
refineries consumed 3.1 quadrillion Btu (fuel use
alone) in 2002, almost 20 of the fuel energy
consumed by the U.S.. - From the Table, c.a. 31 is consumed in two
distillation processes. - As expected, hydrotreating is also very high, 15
alone. - Hydrogen generation is yet another high energy
consumption process. - Large amounts of energy are consumed as fuel,
while the rest is basically steam. - The bullets represent units prone to be
optimized energetically as they represent
approx. 86 of the energy consumed by the
refining process. - We will focus on these units.
14Energetic issues in an oil refinery Worrell 2005
15Energetic issues in an oil refinery
16Energetic issues in an oil refinery DOE 2000
- Future characteristics of oil refineries in terms
of energy use - Energy use is optimized throughout the refinery
complex (plantwide energy optimization). - Energy efficiency and process control are
integrated (plantwide process control). - Fouling of heat exchangers is essentially
eliminated. - Innovative heat exchangers are in place (all
helical, vertical, no baffles) - Use of cogeneration in refineries is optimized,
and refineries are power producers. - Use of very energy-intensive processes (e.g.,
distillation, furnaces) is mitigated. - Source of heat loss (e.g., in pipes) are easily
identified through monitoring. - How?
- Identify entirely new technologies.
- Upgrade existing inefficient technologies.
17Energetic issues in an oil refinery DOE 2000
- Replacing the conventional energy-intensive
separation processes has a tremendous impact on
energy consumption. - Waste recovery in the short term.
- Fouling mitigation and new refining processes in
the mid and long terms. - Membrane is the first step.
- Catalytic distillation is in the mid run.
- Long run distillation beyond membrane.
- Pelegrino 1999 say the target is 15-20 energy
reduction for U.S. refineries.
Distillation roadmap
18Outline
- A vision for the future
- A simple guide to oil refining
- Energetic issues in an oil refinery
- Thermodynamic analysis and measures to improve
energy consumption. - Crude oil distillation (atmospheric and vacuum)
- Fluid catalytic cracking
- Catalytic hydrotreating
- Catalytic reforming
- Alkylation
- Hydrogen generation
- Separation processes
- Recap and future directions
- References
19Thermodynamic analysis DOE 2006
- Remember the 6 processes with the largest energy
consumption? - A thermodynamic analysis of these 6 processes is
performed here. - Three measures are defined
- TW Theoretical Work The least amount of energy
that a process would require under ideal
conditions. E.g., for separation processes it is
basically the sensible and latent heat of each
component in the mixture considered as an ideal
solution, and for reaction systems the heat of
reaction under 100 selectivity at equilibrium
conditions. - CW Current Work Energy consumed under actual
plant conditions where energy losses from
inefficient or outdated equipment and process
design, poor heat integration, and poor
conversion and selectivities, among other factors
are considered. Source USA DOE. - PW Practical Work Minimum energy required to
run the process in real-world, non-standard
conditions by applying cutting edge technologies
still on the drawing board. The savings are then
deducted from the CW requirement. - Therefore, the maximum potential for energy
savings can be quantified by
PI (Potential Improvement) CW (Current Work)
PW (Practical Work)
20Crude oil distillation (atmospheric and vacuum)
- Atmospheric distillation
- It is the heart of the refinery.
- It produces a range of products, from LPG to
heavy crude residue. - High temperature (bottom 600oC), low pressure
(near atmospheric) process. - Vacuum distillation
- It has heavy crude (high boiling point) as
feedstock. - It must then be conducted at vacuum conditions.
- It produces light and heavy gas oil and asphalt
(or resid). - These products are upgraded.
21Crude oil distillation (atmospheric and vacuum)
22Crude oil distillation (atmospheric and vacuum)
- Atmospheric distillation energetic assessment
DOE 2006 - Theoretical work 22 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Current work 114 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Practical work 50 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Potential improvement 64 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
Note Electricity losses incurs during the
generation, transmission, and distribution of
electricity.
23Crude oil distillation (atmospheric and vacuum)
- Atmospheric distillation energetic assessment
DOE 2006 - Theoretical work 22 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Current work 114 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Practical work 50 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Potential improvement 64 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- The potential improvement can be achieved by
(Gadalla 2003a, Gadalla 2003b, ANL 1999,
TDGI 2001, Liporace 2005, Seo 2000, Rivero
2004, Yeap 2005, Hovd 1997, Sharma 1999) - Control of fouling in the crude preheat train and
fired heater. - Improved heat integration between the atmospheric
and vacuum towers. - Improved tray design and heat integration between
trays, and optimization of the number of trays
and operating conditions for improved
vapor-liquid contact and higher throughput. - Enhanced cooling to lower overhead condenser
cooling water from 75 to 50F. - Implementation of advanced control or revamp of
the control structure with simple plantwide
control.
24Crude oil distillation (atmospheric and vacuum)
- Vacuum distillation energetic assessment DOE
2006 - Theoretical work 46 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Current work 92 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Practical work 54 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Potential improvement 38 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
25Crude oil distillation (atmospheric and vacuum)
- Vacuum distillation energetic assessment DOE
2006 - Theoretical work 46 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Current work 92 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Practical work 54 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Potential improvement 38 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- The potential improvement can be achieved by
(Gadalla 2003a, Gadalla 2003b, ANL 1999,
TDGI 2001, Sharma 1999, Liporace 2005, Seo
2000, Rivero 2004, Yeap 2005) - Control of fouling in the fired heater.
- Improved heat integration between the atmospheric
and vacuum towers. - Improved tray design and heat integration between
trays, and optimization of the number of trays
and operating conditions for improved
vapor-liquid contact and higher throughput. - Enhanced cooling to lower overhead condenser
cooling water from 75F to 50F. - Implementation of advanced control or revamp of
the control structure with simple plantwide
control.
26Fluid catalytic cracking
- Objective Convert heavy oils into more valuable
gasoline and lighter products. - Feedstocks are light and heavy gas oil from
atmospheric or vacuum distillation, coking, and
deasphalting operations.
High temperature, catalytic cracking reactions
27Fluid catalytic cracking
28Fluid catalytic cracking
- Energetic assessment DOE 2006
- Theoretical work 40 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Current work 209 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Practical work 132 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Potential improvement 77 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
29Fluid catalytic cracking
- Energetic assessment DOE 2006
- Theoretical work 40 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Current work 209 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Practical work 132 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Potential improvement 77 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- The potential improvement can be achieved by
(Linhoff 2002, ANL 1999) - Addition of a power recovery turbine.
- Conversion of condensing turbine drive to
electric motor drive (wet gas compressor). - Improved heat integration, pinch analysis.
- Minimization of other miscellaneous losses.
- Extra Implementation of advanced control or
revamp of the control structure with simple
plantwide control.
30Catalytic hydrotreating
- Objective Remove sulfur, nitrogen, and metals
and upgrade heavy olefinic feed by saturation
with hydrogen to produce paraffins. - It commonly appears in multiple locations in a
refinery (5 or more of these units). - They are usually placed upstream of units where
catalyst deactivation may occur from feed
impurities. - Typically we can distinguish Naphtha
hydrotreater, kerosene hydrotreater, and gas oil
hydrotreater. - Main reactions
31Catalytic hydrotreating
32Catalytic hydrotreating
- Energetic assessment DOE 2006
- Theoretical work 30 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Current work 88 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Practical work 55 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Potential improvement 33 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
33Catalytic hydrotreating
- Energetic assessment DOE 2006
- Theoretical work 30 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Current work 88 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Practical work 55 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Potential improvement 33 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- The potential improvement can be achieved by
(ANL 1999, Gary 2001, Linhoff 2002,
Liebmann 1998) - Improved pre-heater performance.
- Improved catalyst.
- Improved heat integration, pinch analysis.
- Minimization of other miscellaneous losses.
- Extra Implementation of advanced control or
revamp of the control structure with simple
plantwide control.
34Catalytic reforming
- Objective Convert naphthas and heavy
straight-run gasoline into high-octane gasoline
blending components, as well as hydrogen
generation. - It essentially restructures hydrocarbon molecules
to increase the octane of motor gasoline. - Main reactions
- Dehydrogenation of naphthenes to aromatics
- Methylcyclohexane ? Toluene 3H2
- Methylcyclopentane ? Cyclohexane ? Benzene 3H2
- Dehydrocyclization of paraffins to aromatics
- n-Heptane ? Toluene 4H2
- Isomerization
- n-Hexane ? Isohexane
- Methylcyclopentane ? Cyclohexane
- Hydrocracking
- n-Decane ? Isohexane nButane
35Catalytic reforming
36Catalytic reforming
- Energetic assessment DOE 2006
- Theoretical work 79 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Current work 269 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Practical work 203 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Potential improvement 66 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
37Catalytic reforming
- Energetic assessment DOE 2006
- Theoretical work 79 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Current work 269 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Practical work 203 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Potential improvement 66 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- The potential improvement can be achieved by
(ANL 1999, Gary 2001, Packinox 2003) - Improved feed and interstage process heater
performance (e.g., improved convection section
heat recovery). - Replace horizontal feed/effluent heat exchangers
with vertical plate and frame exchanger. - Improved equipment efficiency (e.g., recycle and
net gas compressor, reactor product air cooler). - Additional process cooling to improve light ends
recovery (vapor compression vs. ammonia
absorption). - Minimization of other miscellaneous losses.
- Extra Implementation of advanced control or
revamp of the control structure with simple
plantwide control.
38Alkylation
- Objective Produce branched paraffins that are
used as blending components in fuels to boost
octane levels without increasing the fuel
volatility. - There are two alkylation processes sulfuric
acid-based and hydrofluoric acid-based. - Both are low-temperature, low-pressure,
liquid-phase catalyst reactions. - Main reaction
39Alkylation (H2SO4 process)
40Alkylation (H2SO4 process)
- Energetic assessment DOE 2006
- Theoretical work -58 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Current work 335 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Practical work 156 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Potential improvement 179 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
41Alkylation (H2SO4 process)
- Energetic assessment DOE 2006
- Theoretical work -58 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Current work 335 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Practical work 156 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Potential improvement 179 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- The potential improvement can be achieved by
(Gadalla 2003a, TDGI 2001, DOE 2006,
Schultz 2002) - Improved compressor efficiency, from 25 to 50.
- Improved heat integration, pinch analysis.
- Use of a dividing wall column design or other
advanced separation technology. - Upgraded control system revamp of the control
structure with simple plantwide control.
42Hydrogen production
- Objective Generate (complement) H2 for
hydrocracking, hydrotreating, hydroconversion,
and hydrofinishing process throughout the
refinery. - Sources for hydrogen in a refinery are basically
by-products from catalytic reforming, recovery
from H2 rich off-gases, and the hydrogen plant
production. - The principal process for converting hydrocarbons
into hydrogen is catalytic steam reforming. - The main reactions are
- CH4 H2O ? CO 3H2 (-?Ho298 -206 kJ/mol)
- CO H2O ? CO2 H2 (-?Ho298 41 kJ/mol)
- CnHm H2O ? nCO (m2n)/2H2 (-?Ho298 -1109
kJ/mol for nC7H16) - The main reaction, methane conversion, must be
carried out at high temperature, high steam to
carbon ratio, and low pressure to achieve maximum
conversion.
43Hydrogen production
44Hydrogen production
- Energetic assessment Rostrup-Nielsen 2005
- Theoretical work 67 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Current work 111 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Practical work 71 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- Potential improvement 30 x 103 Btu/bbl feed
- The potential improvement can be achieved by
(Rostrup-Nielsen 2005) - Higher (optimized) reforming temperature (gt 900
oC) and lower (optimized) steam to carbon ratio
(lt 2.0). - Reformer design that does not export steam.
- Catalysts to reduce carbon formation.
- Membrane reforming technology with CO2
sequestration. - Extra Implementation of advanced control or
revamp of the control structure with simple
plantwide control.
45Summary
Process TW PW CW PI CW - PW PI PI/CW()
103 Btu/bbl feed 103 Btu/bbl feed 103 Btu/bbl feed 103 Btu/bbl feed 103 Btu/bbl feed
1. Atmospheric distillation 22 50 114 64 56
2. Alkylation H2SO4 -58 156 335 179 53
3. Vacuum distillation 46 54 92 38 41
4. Alkylation HF -58 152 255 103 40
5. Catalytic hydrotreating 30 55 88 33 38
6. Fluid catalytic cracking 40 132 209 77 36
7. Hydrogen production 67 71 111 30 27
8. Catalytic reforming 79 203 269 66 24
- The overall savings, including capacities, can
reach up to 42. - Atmospheric vacuum distillations have the
largest potential for savings. - Followed by alkylation and catalytic treatments.
- Note that separation sections are also included
in the conversion processes. - As a general potential improvement in the short
term, I particularly would also include
assessment of the control structure design of the
entire refinery.
46Summary
- Remember this picture?
- Now have a look at the figures on the right.
- Gasoline requires the largest amount of energy to
be produced. While gasoline makes up 43 by
volume of refinery product output, its production
consumes 62 of the refinery energy requirement. - Distillate fuel oil is the next most
energy-intensive product stream, consuming 17 of
refinery energy requirement. - The remaining 21 is distributed fairly evenly
between the other product streams.
TBtu/year
1,305 62.1
355 16.9
76 3.6
113 5.4
77 3.7
37 1.8
51 2.4
75 3.6
12 0.6
47Outline
- A vision for the future
- A simple guide to oil refining
- Energetic issues in an oil refinery
- Thermodynamic analysis and measures to improve
energy consumption. - Crude oil distillation (atmospheric and vacuum)
- Fluid catalytic cracking
- Catalytic hydrotreating
- Catalytic reforming
- Alkylation
- Hydrogen generation
- Separation processes
- Recap and future directions
- References
48Separation processes
- The majority of the available literature is
related to the issue concerning distillation, and
they are heavily concentrated in the atmospheric
and vacuum columns. I bet you know the reason! - Future solutions for improving energy efficiency
in separation processes in oil refineries are
basically related to - Membrane technology.
- Fouling mitigation.
- Optimization and advanced process control.
- Heat integration.
- Design of efficient separation systems.
- What follows are mostly on the drawing board,
i.e., no real-world implementation.
49Separation processes
- Membrane technology (still an on going
development) - Wauquier 2000 discusses that membrane
technology is still an infant in the world of
grown-up inefficient processes in the oil
industry. Its main application is in
hydrodesulfurization processes in catalytic
hydrotreating units, replacing existing
separation processes with energy savings up to
20. - Nevertheless, Goulda 2001 and White 2000
claimed a fuel reduction of 36,000 bbl/year (or
20 w.r.t. the conventional process) by adding a
membrane unit in the dewaxing unit to recover
part of the solvent stream. The membrane is
selective to the solvent from the solvent/oil/wax
mix. - According to Szklo 2007, further research is
needed to develop appropriate membrane materials
that can withstand the harsh conditions in
petroleum refining processes.
50Separation processes
- Fouling mitigation (basically monitoring)
- Panchal 2000 presented a performance monitoring
via an Excel spreadsheet of the preheat train
for a crude distillation unit. The authors claim
that by using their technique the energy loss in
a period of 2 years can be reduced by almost 60. - Nasr 2006 proposed a model of crude oil fouling
in preheat exchangers with the aim of better
controlling fouling formation. In contrast with
other models, the one proposed by the authors
consider the mechanisms of formation and natural
removal. - Yeap 2005 presented the application of existing
fouling models to maximize heat recovery in the
preheat train of the crude oil distillation. The
authors conclusion was that designing for
maximum heat recovery results in a less efficient
system over time due to fouling effects. - However, Szklo 2007 states that the very
complex mechanisms which lead to fouling are
still not properly understood to the extent they
can be safely used for fouling mitigation
techniques (anti-fouling agents and coatings).
51Separation processes
- Advanced process control and optimization
(essentially modeling) - Domijan 2005 optimized a crude distillation
unit by using a model that, according to the
authors, has some advantages over commercial ones
since it is adapted to real plant conditions, it
is open source as well as flexible and fast.
Moreover, it can also identify fouling level and
be applied for planning shutdowns and maintenance
stops. They claimed they found an optimal
solution that saves up to 3.2 of energy
consumption vis-à-vis actual operating
conditions. - Seo 2000 considered the optimal design of the
crude distillation unit (atmospheric, vacuum, and
naphtha stabilizer) by optimizing feed locations,
heat duties of pumparounds and operating
conditions of the preheat train. They use a MINLP
framework. They claim the energy recovery in
pumparounds and preheat train could save up to 20
million kcal/h. - Hovd 1997 proposed the implementation of MPC in
a crude oil distillation. They used the MPC
package (D-MPC) of Fantoft Prosess and a linear
model of the process obtained using
first-principle model equations and laboratory
data. They implemented the MPC strategy in a
refinery in Sweden and reported a reduction in
energy consumption equivalent to USD20,000/year
for a project investment of USD250,000. - Gadalla 2003b performed a very simple
optimization of existing heat-integrated
distillation systems for crude oil units where
the column (with fixed configuration) and the
associated heat exchanger network are considered
simultaneously. Only one design (retrofit)
variable is assumed area of the HEN. They
claimed savings up to 25 over the base case.
52Separation processes
- Heat integration
- Gadalla 2006 optimized an existing crude
distillation column where a gas turbine/generator
is integrated with the preheat furnace. They
claim energy reductions of up to 21. The idea
was then to maximize the energy generated in the
gas turbine by adjusting the temperature of the
feed, reflux ratio, steam flow rates, temperature
difference of each pumparound, and the flow rate
of the liquid through each pumparound. - Gadalla 2005 studied the design of an
internally heat-integrated distillation column
for separating an equimolar propylene-propane
mixture where the 57 stages of the stripping
column are heated by the first 57 stages of the
rectification column. They claim that by
increasing the heat transfer rate per stage,
energy savings can reach up to 100 of reboiler
duties. For this, the compressor power would
increase only 15 w.r.t. the base HIDiC case. - By applying pinch analysis, Plesu 2003 propose
to thermally couple crude distillation units and
delayed coking units through the utility system.
They basically proposed to send the vacuum
bottoms to the delayed coking unit at a higher
thermal load and use this artifice to generate
part of the steam needed in the crude
distillation unit. They do not report energy
saving figures.
53Separation processes
- Heat integration
- Liebmann 1998 proposed a systematic algorithm
based on pinch analysis that lends to automation
of the design procedure of crude oil distillation
units where the column, the heat exchanger
network, and their simultaneous interactions are
considered together. Modifications that further
increase the efficiency of the process are
installation of reboilers rather than stripping
stream and the thermal coupling of column
sections. They claimed that units conceived by
this method can save up to 20 energy w.r.t. the
base case. - Szklo 2007 states that heat integration and
waste heat recovery appears as one of the main
options for saving fuel in the short to mid terms.
54Separation processes
- Design of efficient separation systems
- Szklo 2007 discussed the use of catalytic
distillation (CD) as an indeed very promise
alternative to hydrotreating units, namely to FCC
gasoline. The idea is to fractionate the gasoline
by distillation, which yields several gasoline
fractions, and then treat each fraction for
sulfur according to their prevailing sulfur
compound reactivities, all in the same unit.
Lighter fraction are treated more severely while
the heavier ones undergo desulfurization at
higher temperatures at the bottom of the CD
column. The authors claimed that up to 62 of
energy can be saved w.r.t. conventional HDS
processes. - Szklo 2007 also discussed the application of
biodesulfurization in replacement of conventional
HDS with energy savings of up to 80. However,
the technology is still at its dawn, and the main
barriers are the understanding of biological
mechanisms of biocatalysts and the development of
efficient two-phase biodesulfurization systems. - Schultz 2002 defended the thesis that
dividing-wall columns (DWC) can save up to 30 in
energy costs. In this technology, remixing of
components towards the bottom or top of a direct
sequenced train which causes thermal inefficiency
is mitigated by cutting the product at their
maximum compositions. However, Szklo 2007
emphasized the need for further development of
DWC for major distillation processes in the oil
refining industry.
55Separation processes
- Design of efficient separation systems
- According to Pellegrino 1999 a potentially
attractive refining process modification is to
input the crude directly into controlled thermal
cracking units, thereby bypassing CDU. The idea
is to crack large hydrocarbon molecules (e.g.,
large asphaltene-type molecules) into smaller
ones. They reported a reduction in energy
consumption of 23 in addition to the fact that
up to 80 of the energy generated in the unit can
be recovered as reusable energy. - EIPCCB 2001 discussed the use of a radical
revamp that encompasses atmospheric and vacuum
distillation, gasoline fractionation, naphtha
stabilizer and gas plant in one unit progressive
distillation. It consists of a fairly complex set
of separation steps and extensively uses pinch
technology to minimize heat supplied by external
means. The savings can reach up to 30 on total
energy consumption for these units.
56Outline
- A vision for the future
- A simple guide to oil refining
- Energetic issues in an oil refinery
- Thermodynamic analysis and measures to improve
energy consumption. - Crude oil distillation (atmospheric and vacuum)
- Fluid catalytic cracking
- Catalytic hydrotreating
- Catalytic reforming
- Alkylation
- Hydrogen generation
- Separation processes
- Recap and future directions
- References
57Recap and future directions
- It seems there is no radical revolution going on
in the oil refining industry so to handle energy
efficiency. Instead, the 2020 Vision report API
2000 lists - Reduction of fouling in heat exchangers is a
definite priority. - Improved convection in furnaces is necessary.
- Cogeneration needs to be optimized.
- Use of conventional distillation should be
minimized. Try membrane and catalytic
distillation. - Lets not forget research in catalysis.
- Comprehensive mathematical process models in oil
refinery are a must for short term results DOE
2000. - Process optimization is definitely in the oil
refinery agenda Domijan 2005. - Investments in RD represent one way to help
drive the industry toward a higher level of
energy efficiency. However, implementation is
still at its very infancy as there are still
technological/psicological barriers. - Accordingly, separation processes need to be
updated. However, one should look at the big
picture. - Needless to say, energy reduction ? CO2 emission
reduction!
58Recap and future directions
- Wanna a hint to decide your PhD project? Energy
efficiency program for future oil refineries.
Ease, 5 (huge) PhD projects - Fouling modeling and elucidation of its
mechanism in the crude distillation unit
(atmospheric and vacuum columns and respective
HEN) as well as development of anti-fouling
chemicals that little affects refining products
quality. - Membrane theres still a technological barrier
with the current membranes. More research is
needed to extend the application to other
separation units throughout the refinery. - Advanced process control and optimization
investigation of plantwide control and
optimization (I only found information about
these issues applied to individual units). - Check also Hydrocarbon Processing Advanced
Process Control and Information Systems 2005.pdf. - Heat integration investigation of more plantwide
heat integration opportunities by pinch or exergy
analysis. - Distillation design more on reactive (catalytic)
distillation and dividing-wall technology applied
to energy-intensive units (FCC, alkylation,
hydrotreating, reforming, and crude distillation
units). Especially, biodesulfurization.
59Outline
- A vision for the future
- A simple guide to oil refining
- Energetic issues in an oil refinery
- Thermodynamic analysis and measures to improve
energy consumption. - Crude oil distillation (atmospheric and vacuum)
- Fluid catalytic cracking
- Catalytic hydrotreating
- Catalytic reforming
- Alkylation
- Hydrogen generation
- Separation processes
- Recap and future directions
- References
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