invasion biology of thrips- hs gadad

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Seminar -I

• INVASION BIOLOGY OF INSECTS WITH SPECIAL
  REFERANCE TO THRIPS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
• 
  
• 
  H. S. GADAD
• 
  PGS11AGR5492
• 
  

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Outline

• Introduction
• Pathway of invasion
• Impact of invasive insects
• Invasive insect pests of India
• Invasion biology of thrips
• Management of invasion of thrips
• Summary
• Conclusion

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Introduction
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What is Invasion Biology

• Invasion biology refers to the study of invasive
  species, process of invasion and impacts of
  invasive species where they have invaded

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Pathway of invasion
Introduction
Establishment
Spread
Naturalization
(Kiritani, 1998)
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• While rising levels of world trade and travel
  have resulted in an ever-increasing introduction
  of alien insect species
• Introduction describes the transport of invaders
  from their native to exotic range,

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Types introduction
Intentional
Unintentional
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Intentional introduction

• It is the process of introduction mainly includes
  the introduction of non indigenous beneficial
  insects species into new ecosystem
• Productive insects
• ex European honey bee
• Weed killers
• Biological control agents
• Predators and parasites

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Weed killers

• Many weed killers are introduced to country in
  order to control certain weeds
• Examples
• Zygogramm bicolorata -Parthenium
• Cyrtobagus salvenae -Water fern
• Neochaetina bruchi -Water hyacinth
• Dactylopus tomentosus prickly pear

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• Biological control agents
• Includes introduction of predators and
  parasitoids in order to manage pest species
• ex Rodolia cardinalis
• Curinus coeruleus
  predators
• Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
• Aphelinus mali
• Cephalonomia stephanoderis
  parasitoids
• Phymastichus coffea

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Unintentional

• Most of the biological invasion is occur
  unintentionally
• Global trading
• Shipping containers (Ash borer in USA)
• Lurking under the bark of log imports ( bark
  beetle in Brittan )
• Tourism (fruit fly in japan )
• Two species of fruit fly, the Oriental fruit
  fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, and the melon fly, B.
  cucurbitae

(Kiritani, 2000)
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Establishment

• It is the process of development of population of
  invasive insects that may persist for many
  generation from the founder population
• Founder population is usually small and
  consequently under high risk of environmental
  factors
• Smaller the founder population establishment is
  likely less
• 
  (MacArthur and Wilson, 1967)

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• Probability of establishment is a function of
  initial population it depends on
• Propagule pressure
• Availability of host
• Insect body size
• Rate of reproduction
• Mate location abilities
• Genetic diversity
• Successful establishment is takes when the
  invaded species overcome the environmental
  barriers and reproductive barriers
• 
  
• 
  (Mollison,1986)

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Spread

• It is the process of expansion of invasive
  species range from its initial site of
  introduction
• Spread is through
• Movement of infested planting material It is
  one of the major path for spread of invasive
  insect species
• Dispersion of invasive species Self dispersion
  of invasive species to adjoining area after the
  process of establishment and it is very slow and
  varies between the species

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Examples of spread rates by invading
nonindigenous insects
Andrew et al 2007
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Naturalization

• It is the process of adaption of invasive insect
  to the new environment and interaction with local
  biota
• During the process of naturalization interaction
  with local biota will takes place casually but
  adaption needs some time and it increases with
  time
• Rate of naturalization is differs between
  invasive organisms and generally in insects it is
  quickly takes place
• 
  
• 
  (Vermiji, 2006 )

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Impact of invasive insects

• Ecological impacts
• Economic impacts

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• In most of the cases invasive insect in a new
  ecosystem is without natural enemies and no
  control it helps them to
• Increase in there population size
• Increases the resource utilization
• Ultimately they outcompete the native
  biota and leads in the alteration of structure
  and species composition of new ecosystem by

• Displacement of native species
• Causes the extinction of native species

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Displacement of native species

• Chilo partellus is a Asian stem borer on maize
  and sorghum and it was accidentally introduced
  into Africa, caused the partial displacement of
  native stem borers Chilo orchalocociliellus and
  sesamia calamitis

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• In the coastal area of Kenya, detailed study on
  stemborers in maize was conducted by surveying
  the abundance
• The native species, Chilo orichalcociliellus was
  found to be dominant, accounting for
  approximately 60 of the borers collected. Chilo
  partellus was the second most common species,
  accounting for about 30 of the borers, and
  another native species, Sesamia calamistis was
  lowest in abundance
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  (Mathez,1972)

1965-69
1991-92
1978-81
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• In the priod 1978-81found that C.partellus were
  nearly equally abundant in maize and sorghum,as
  that C. orichalcociliellus of and that S.
  calamistis was much less common.
• 
  (Warui and Kuria,1983)
• However, in 1991- 92 in the same area, C.
  partellus accounted for gt 80 per cent of the
  stemborers, with both C. orichalcociliellus and
  S. calamistis being of minor importance
  
• 
  (Overholt et al, 1994)

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Species extinction due to invasive insect

• In UK tree spp Gumwood Commidendrum robusrum on
  this scale insect, Orthizia insignis appeared 10
  years ago and attack wide range of plants along
  with Gumwood now population of gumwood is under
  the risk of extinction now plant density is less
  than 2000
• 
  
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  ( Booth et
  al,1995)

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Economic impacts

• Crop loss is a major economic impact of invasive
  insects
• California they have estimated that economic
  impact of invasive Mediterranean fruitfly they
  have spent US 3.7 million dollars for
  eradication
• 
  
• 
  
• 
  (Getz,1989)

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• In USA 43 invasive spp were recorded during
  1906-1996 among them 15 invasive spp cause
  severe damage and estimated cost is US 92.5
  billion
• In Punjab the losses caused by the mealybug were
  estimated to be Rs. 159 crores to cotton growers
  during kharif season 2007
  
• 
  
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  (Anonymous, 2008)

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Important invasive insect pests of India
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Common name Scientific name Introduced from Primary host Year of introduction
woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum China Apple 1889
Coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari Srilanka Coffee 1990
Serpentine leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii Burgess USA Tomato and castor 1990
San Jose scale Quadraspidiotus perniciousus Comstock Australia Populus spp Salix spp 1911
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Cont
Diamond-back moth Plutellc xylostella Meditarian region Cabbage 1914
Lantana bug Orthezia insignis (Browne) Srilanka Lantana 1915
Cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi (Maskell) Srilanka Acacia 1921
Potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) Italy potato 1937
Sugarcane woolly aphid Ceratovaccuna lanigera Jawa Sugarcane 1958
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Pine woolly aphid Pineus pini (Macquart) USA Pine 1970
Subabul psyllid Heteropsylla cubana Srilanka Subabul 1988
Spiraling whitefly Aleurodicus disperses Russell China Tomato 1999
Silver leaf whitefly Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring USA Tomato 1999
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Recent invasive insect pest of India

• Cotton mealy bug Phenacoccus solenopsis
• It is originated from USA
• In India it is reported from Baroda district
  during 2003-04
• Introduced from Pakistan
• 
  (Jhala et al, 2008 )
• 
  

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• 2. Erythrina gall wasp (EGW) Quadrastichus
  erythrinae
• Originated from East Africa
• In India it is reported in 2006
• EGW is one of the major constraints for growth
  and production of black pepper vines in recent
  years
• 
  (Ananthakrishnan, 2009)

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Papaya mealy bug (Paracoccus marginatus)

• It a native to Mexico
• In India during 2007 it is reported from
  Tamilnadu
• Introduced from Srilanka
• Hosts Papaya , Gauva, mango, tomato, tapioca

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Blue gum chalcid (Leptocybe invasa)

• Originated from Australia
• Introduced to India in 2006 through vegetative
  planting material
• 
  
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  (Ananthkrishnan ,2009)
• 
  

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Coconut leaf beetle Brontispa longissma

• Originated from Indonesia
• Introduced to India from Srilanka in 2009
• It is introduced to India through human activity
  like importation of seedlings
• 
  ( Shivasagar, 2009 )
  

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INVASION BIOLOGY OF THRIPS

• Many species of thrips (order Thysanoptera) are
  pre-adapted to an invasive lifestyle
• These are small only a few millimetres or less in
  length
• opportunistic, vagile, and ubiquitous
  insects
• Invasion of thrips to new ecosystem /geographic
  location is mainly through trading of
  horticultural commodities includes vegetables,
  fruits, flowers, and vegetative planting
  materials

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• Probability of establishment of thrips is very
  high due to higher rate of intrinsic rate growth
  it helps founder population to overcome
  environmental barriers
• Secondary spread is mainly through crop
  cultivation and movement of infested planting
  material within new ecosystem

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Life cycle of Thrips
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CHARECTERSTICS OF INVASIVE THRIPS

• Higher rate of reproduction
• Typically abundant in the region of origin,
• Have close association with human activity
• They often lack obligate diapause and are
  multivoltine
• Polyphagous
• Capacity of developing into strains or biotypes
• Superior rate of resource acquisition

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Impact of invasive thrips

• Crop loss by direct feeding and also transmits
  many viral diseases
• Frankliniella occidentalis-Tomato spotted wilt
  virus
• Scirtothrips dorsalis - Peanut bud necrosis virus
• Peanut
  chlorotic fan virus
• Peanut
  yellow spot virus
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  (Funderburk,2000)

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Invasive thrips species

• Thrips palmi (Melon thrips)
• Origin Sumatra and Java (Indonesia)
• 
  Karny, 1925
• Host Polyphagous on Cucurbitaceous and
  Solanaceous crops
• Invaded All the Asian countries, in India it is
  reported during the year 1985
• Means of invasion Infested fruits and plants

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Frankliniella occidentalis

• Western flower thrips
• Most successful invasive thrips species
• Originated from western USA
• Host It has wide range of hosts mainly
  floriculture crops
• Invaded Invaded almost worldwide, particularly
  in temperate areas (Kirk Terry, 2004)
• Means of invasion The international movement of
  plant material and flower trading

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Thrips simplex (Morison)

• Common name Gladiolus thrips
• Origin Southern Africa
• Host Gladiolus, orchids
• Invaded Worldwide wherever Gladiolus plants are
  grown
• Means of invasion International trading
  gladiolus and orchid flowers

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Scirtothrips dorsalis

• Common name chilli thrips
• Area of origin Southeast Asia
• Hosts chilli, pepper, castor, cotton, tea
• Invaded Widespread across Asia, between
  Pakistan, Japan and Australia introduced to
  Israel and the Caribbean area and Vincent (2004)
  Florida (2005), Texas (2006),
• Means of Invasion world horticultural trading

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Thrips tabaci  Lindeman

• Common name onion thrips
• Origin Eastern Mediterranean
• Host polyphagous mainly on onion , garlic,
  tobacco
• Invasion cosmopolitan all over world
• Means of invasion probably global trading of
  onion and garlic

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Aptinothrips rufus

• Area of origin southern Europe
• Host plants several grass species
• Invaded all European countries
• Means of invasion carried worldwide as pupae
  within bracts surrounding grass seeds, adults
  within straw, soil ballast of sailing ships

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Pseudodendrothrips mori

• Area of origin S.E. Asia
• Host plants Morus and Ficus spp
• Invaded all Asian countries, Italy, Chile,
  California

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Chaetanaphothrips signipennis

• Common name Banana rust thrips
• Area of origin South eastern Asia
• Host Banana
• Invaded India, Srilanka, Brazil , Australia,
  Florida
• Means of invasion Invaded through introduced
  planting material

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Scirtothrips citri

• Common name Citrus thrips
• Area of origin Western USA
• Host Mainly Citrus and other ther crops on which
  it has been found include cotton (Gossypium
  hirsutum), dates (Phoenix dactylifera), grapevine
  (Vitis vinifera) lucerne (Medicago sativa) and
  pecans (Carya illinoensis), and also ornamentals
  such as Magnolia and Rosa.
• Life history Breeding on young tissues of leaves
  and fruits
• Invaded California, Arizona, Mexico Florida
• Means of invasion Horticulture trading

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Ceratothripoides claratris

• Common name Oriental tomato thrips
• Area of origin Oriental region
• Host plants Associated with tomato plants, on
  which it is reported to cause considerable
  damage.
• Invaded India and Thailand
• India it is reported in 1992
• 
  
• 
  (Jangvitaya, 1993)

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Management of invasion of Thrips

Prevention
Early detection
Eradication
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Prevention

• It is first line defence
• Important step in prevention is to identify risk
  of invasive spp and put them under black list
  for special attention and prohibit the entry by
  national legislation and SPS agreements
• In India importation Beans (seeds) / Berries
  (freshly harvested)/ Grafts/ Bud wood/ Seedlings/
  Rooted cuttings of coffee are prohibited from
  Africa and South America against
• Coffee thrips (Diarthrothrips coffeae)
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  plant quarantine order 2003

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• Pre-shipment Disinfestation
  treatments
• Pre-shipment treatments implemented at the origin
  or post entry can be very effective in preventing
  the establishment of alien species in an
  uninfested area.
• It includes
• Chemical fumigation
• Heat treatments
• Irradiation,
• Controlled atmosphere

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Chemical fumigation

• Most widely using pre-shipment disinfestation
  method
• Methyl bromide F. occidentalis 20 g/m3 and
  exposure time of 2 hours were needed to attain
  100 kill with no phytotoxicity
• Phosphine
• Sulfuryl fluoride
• Propylene oxide (PPO)

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Heat treatment

• Also effective against many floriculture
  quarantine pests
• vapour heat is a promising postharvest treatment
  to disinfest tropical cut flowers and foliage
• Hot water treatment gladiolus corms at 43.3º C
  for 20 to 30 minutes against Thrips
  simplex
  
• 
  (Doucette,1933)
• Hot air at 44.4º C, 60 RH for 1 hour, is
  effective against western flower thrips F.
  occidentalis, In chrysanthemum flowers
• 
  (Hara et al. 1997)

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Irradiation

• Ionizing radiation is a promising insect
  disinfestation treatment that is approved by the
  APHIS as a quarantine treatment
• It effective against many invasive thrips
  associated with floriculture crops
• High dose of ionizing radiation at 150 krads will
  cause complete mortality in Thrips palmi in
  orchid flowers
• 25 Krad is known cause non emergence of egg,
  pupae, failure of larval development and
  sterility in adults in western flower thrips
  
• 
  ( Yalemar et al. 2001)
  

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Controlled atmosphere

• It promising postharvest disinfestation treatment
  for fruits, flowers and vegetables because most
  commodities will tolerant short exposures (4 to
  24 hr.) to high concentrations of carbon dioxide
• 
  (Cantwell Mitcham,1995)
• very high carbon dioxide levels (60) At higher
  temperature of 35º C (95º F), complete mortality
  of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella
  occidentalis
• (Simpson et al., U.C.
  Davis, unpublished data).

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• It is a process of identification of invasive
  insects though regular monitoring and survey in
  risky areas
• It helps to take up further management practices
  to eradicate the pest before spread

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Eradication

• It is a process of complete elimination of
  invasive pests before they are permanently
  established in new region
• Success of eradication is always depends on early
  detection of invasive pest and subsequent
  monitoring
• It is very difficult in early detection of
  invasive thrips in new ecosystem until they cause
  major damage

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Successful eradication of Thrips palmi

• In southern England in April 2000 during a
  routine inspection of ornamental chrysanthemum
  flowers in a commercial greenhouse they have
  detected Thrips palmi
• The outbreak was confined to two (2.1 and 2.5 ha)
  glasshouses that specialized in production of
  chrysanthemums using imported cuttings
• By the end of July 2001 this invasive thrips is
  effectively eradicated from both greenhouses by
  methyl bromide soil sterilization, and
  imidacloprid-treated compost
• 
  
• 
  (MacLeod et al,2004)

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Summary

• Invasive insects are those which are introduced
  to new ecosystem where they were not present
  earlier
• Every biological invasion includes the 4 steps
  they are introduction establishment, spread and
  naturalization
• Invasive species are known to cause major
  economic and ecological impacts in new ecosystem
  
• Due certain biological attributes and vegility
  thrips are pre-adopted to invasive lifestyle and
  causing major economic impact on many crops

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Conclusion
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