Anatomy and Physiology by Rod R Seeley 6th edition chapter 28 power-point - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

About This Presentation
Title:

Anatomy and Physiology by Rod R Seeley 6th edition chapter 28 power-point

Description:

The chapter 28 power point released with Anatomy and Physiology by Rod R Seeley 6th edition. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:3161
Slides: 42
Provided by: SJC0211
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Anatomy and Physiology by Rod R Seeley 6th edition chapter 28 power-point


1
Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition
Rod R. SeeleyIdaho State University Trent D.
StephensIdaho State University Philip
TatePhoenix College
Chapter 28 Lecture Outline
See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and
tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display.
2
Chapter 28
  • Reproductive System

3
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System
  • Supporting structures
  • Scrotum
  • 2 chambered sac that contains testes
  • Dartos and cremaster muscles help regulate
    temperature
  • Penis
  • Perineum
  • Diamond-shaped areas between thighs
  • Testes
  • Series of ducts
  • Epididymides
  • Ductus deferentia
  • Urethra
  • Accessory glands
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral glands

4
Male Pelvis
5
Testes
  • Glands
  • Exocrine
  • Endocrine
  • Compartments divided by septa
  • Seminiferous tubules
  • Empty into rete testis
  • Empties into efferent ductules
  • Interstitial or Leydig cells
  • Descent
  • Pass from abdominal cavity through inguinal canal
    to scrotum
  • Cryptorchidism
  • Failure of of one or both of testes to descend
    into scrotum
  • Prevents normal sperm development

6
Histology of Testis
7
Descent of Testes
8
Sperm Cell Development
  • Spermatozoa produced in seminiferous tubules
  • Spermatogonia divide (mitosis) to form primary
    spermatocytes
  • Primary spermatocytes (first division of meiosis)
    divide to form secondary spermatocytes
  • Secondary spermatocytes (second division of
    meiosis) divide to form spermatids
  • Spermatids develop an acrosome and flagellum
  • Sertoli cells nourish sperm cells and form a
    blood-testis barrier and produce hormones

9
Spermatogenesis
10
Meiosis
11
Ducts
  • Epididymis
  • Site of sperm cell maturation
  • Ductus deferens or vas deferens
  • Passes from epididymis into abdominal cavity
  • Ejaculatory duct
  • Joining of ductus deferens and seminal vesicle
  • Urethra
  • Extends from urinary bladder to distal end of
    penis
  • Passageway for urine and male reproductive fluids
  • 3 parts
  • Prostatic urethra
  • Membranous urethra
  • Spongy or penile urethra

12
Male Reproductive Structures
13
Penis
  • Three columns of erectile tissue that engorge
    with blood
  • Corpora cavernosa (2)
  • Corpus spongiosum (1)
  • Glans penis
  • Prepuce or foreskin covers
  • Circumcision Surgical removal
  • External urethra orifice

14
Penis
15
Accessory Glands
  • Bulbourethral glands
  • Contribute about 5 to semen
  • Secretions
  • Semen
  • Composite of sperm cells and secretions
  • Emission
  • Discharge of semen into prostatic urethra
  • Ejaculation
  • Forceful expulsion of semen from urethra
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Empty into ejaculatory duct
  • Produce about 60 of semen
  • Prostate gland
  • Produces about 30 of semen

16
Regulation of Sex HormoneSecretion
  • Hypothalamus releases
  • GnRH or LHRH which stimulates
  • LH or ICSH to produce testosterone
  • FSH to stimulate sperm cell formation
  • Inhibin inhibits FSH secretion from anterior
    pituitary

17
Puberty and Testosterone
  • Puberty
  • Age at which individuals become capable of sexual
    reproduction
  • Before puberty small amounts of testosterone
    inhibit GnRH release
  • During puberty testosterone does not completely
    suppress GnRH release, resulting in increased
    FSH,LH, and testosterone
  • Testosterone
  • Produced by interstitial cells, adrenal cortex
    and sustentacular cells
  • Causes development of male sex organs in embryo,
    stimulates descent of testes, causes enlargement
    of genitals and necessary for sperm cell formation

18
Male Sexual Behavior andMale Sex Act
  • Male sexual behavior
  • Testosterone required to initiate and maintain
  • Male sex act
  • Complex series of reflexes that result in
    erection of penis, secretion of mucus into
    urethra, emission, ejaculation
  • Sensations result in orgasm associated with
    ejaculation and then resolution

19
Neural Control of Erection
  • Stimulation
  • Tactile or psychological
  • Parasympathetic
  • Erection due to vasodilation of blood vessels
  • Sympathetic
  • Causes erection, emission, ejaculation
  • Erectile Dysfunction

20
Anatomy of Female Reproductive System
  • Female reproductive organs
  • Ovaries
  • Uterine tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • External genital organs
  • Mammary glands

21
Female Pelvis
22
Uterus, Vagina, Uterine Tubes, Ovaries and
Supporting Ligaments
23
Ovary Histology
24
Maturation of Follicle and Oocyte
25
Maturation and Fertilization of Oocyte
26
Follicle and Oocyte Development
  • Oogenesis is the production of a secondary oocyte
    in ovaries
  • Oogonia are cells from which oocytes develop
  • Primary oocytes are surround by granulosa cells
    and called a primordial follicle
  • Primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle
    when oocyte enlarges and cells change
  • Primary follicle becomes secondary follicle and
    enlarges to form mature or graafian follicle
  • Usually only one is ovulated, others degenerate
  • Primary oocyte completes first meiotic division
    to produce secondary oocyte and a polar body
  • Secondary oocyte begins second meiotic division,
    which stops in metaphase II

27
Ovulation and Follicle Fate
  • Ovulation
  • Follicle swells and ruptures, secondary oocyte is
    released from ovary
  • Second meiotic division completed when secondary
    oocyte unites with sperm cell to form zygote
  • Fate of the follicle
  • Graafian follicle become corpus luteum
  • If fertilization occurs, corpus luteum persists
  • If no fertilization, becomes corpus albicans

28
Uterine Tubes and Uterus
  • Uterine or fallopian tubes or oviducts
  • Open directly into peritoneal cavity to receive
    oocyte from ovary
  • Transport oocyte or zygote from ovary to uterus
  • Uterus
  • Parts Body, isthmus, cervix
  • Composed of 3 layers
  • Perimetrium Serous membrane
  • Myometrium Smooth muscle
  • Endometrium Mucous membrane

29
Vagina and Perineum
  • Perineum
  • Divided into two triangles
  • Urogenital Contains the external genitalia
  • Anal triangle
  • Clinical perineum
  • Region between vagina and anus
  • Episiotomy Incision to prevent tearing during
    childbirth
  • Vagina
  • Female organ of copulation
  • Allows menstrual flow and childbirth
  • Hymen covers the vaginal opening or orifice

30
Female External Genitalia
  • Vulva or pudendum or external female genitalia
  • Vestibule Space
  • Labia minora Form borders on sides
  • Clitoris Erectile structure
  • Corpora cavernosa
  • Corpora spongiosa
  • Labia majora
  • Unite to form mons pubis

31
Female Perineum
32
Mammary Glands
  • Organs of milk production located within mammae
    or breasts
  • Consist of glandular lobes and adipose tissue
  • Coopers ligaments support the breasts

33
Puberty and Menstrual Cycle
  • Menstrual Cycle
  • About 28 days long
  • Phases
  • Menses
  • Proliferative phase
  • Secretory phase
  • Menses
  • Amenorrhea Absence of a menstrual cycle
  • Menopause Cessation of menstrual cycles
  • Puberty
  • Begins with menarche or first episode of
    menstrual bleeding
  • Begins when GnRH levels increase

34
Menstrual Cycle
35
Hormone Regulation during Menstrual Cycle
36
Female Sexual Behaviorand Sex Act
  • Female sex act
  • Parasympathetic stimulation
  • Blood engorgement in clitoris and around vaginal
    opening
  • Erect nipples
  • Mucouslike fluid extruded into vagina and through
    wall
  • Orgasm not necessary for fertilization to occur
  • Female sexual behavior
  • Depends on hormones
  • Androgens and steroids
  • Depends on psychological factors

37
Female Fertility and Pregnancy
  • Pregnancy
  • Oocyte can be fertilized up to 24 hours after
    ovulation
  • Sperm cells can be viable for up to 6 days in
    female tract
  • Ectopic pregnancy Implantation occurs anywhere
    other than uterine cavity
  • Female fertility
  • Sperm ejaculated into vagina during copulation
    and transported through cervix and uterine tubes
    to ampulla
  • Sperm cells undergo capacitation

38
Sperm Cell Movement
39
Changes in Hormones During Pregnancy
40
Control of Pregnancy
  • Lactation
  • Chemical methods
  • Oral contraceptives
  • Injections as Depo-Provera
  • Implants
  • Morning-after pills
  • Surgical methods
  • Vasectomy
  • Tubal ligation
  • Abortions
  • Behavioral methods
  • Abstinence
  • Coitus interruptus
  • Rhythm method
  • Barrier methods
  • Condom
  • Male and female
  • Diaphragm
  • Cervical cap
  • Spermicidal agents

41
Effects of Aging
  • Male
  • Decrease in size and weight of testes
  • Decrease in sperm production
  • Prostate gland enlarges and increase in cancer
  • Impotence is age-related
  • Decrease in sexual activity
  • Female
  • Menopause
  • Decrease in size of uterus and vaginal wall thins
  • Age related increase in breast, uterine, ovarian
    cancer
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com