Title: Anatomy and Physiology by Rod R Seeley 6th edition chapter 28 power-point
1 Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition
Rod R. SeeleyIdaho State University Trent D.
StephensIdaho State University Philip
TatePhoenix College
Chapter 28 Lecture Outline
See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and
tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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2Chapter 28
3Anatomy of Male Reproductive System
- Supporting structures
- Scrotum
- 2 chambered sac that contains testes
- Dartos and cremaster muscles help regulate
temperature - Penis
- Perineum
- Diamond-shaped areas between thighs
- Testes
- Series of ducts
- Epididymides
- Ductus deferentia
- Urethra
- Accessory glands
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate gland
- Bulbourethral glands
4Male Pelvis
5Testes
- Glands
- Exocrine
- Endocrine
- Compartments divided by septa
- Seminiferous tubules
- Empty into rete testis
- Empties into efferent ductules
- Interstitial or Leydig cells
- Descent
- Pass from abdominal cavity through inguinal canal
to scrotum - Cryptorchidism
- Failure of of one or both of testes to descend
into scrotum - Prevents normal sperm development
6Histology of Testis
7Descent of Testes
8Sperm Cell Development
- Spermatozoa produced in seminiferous tubules
- Spermatogonia divide (mitosis) to form primary
spermatocytes - Primary spermatocytes (first division of meiosis)
divide to form secondary spermatocytes
- Secondary spermatocytes (second division of
meiosis) divide to form spermatids - Spermatids develop an acrosome and flagellum
- Sertoli cells nourish sperm cells and form a
blood-testis barrier and produce hormones
9Spermatogenesis
10Meiosis
11Ducts
- Epididymis
- Site of sperm cell maturation
- Ductus deferens or vas deferens
- Passes from epididymis into abdominal cavity
- Ejaculatory duct
- Joining of ductus deferens and seminal vesicle
- Urethra
- Extends from urinary bladder to distal end of
penis - Passageway for urine and male reproductive fluids
- 3 parts
- Prostatic urethra
- Membranous urethra
- Spongy or penile urethra
12Male Reproductive Structures
13Penis
- Three columns of erectile tissue that engorge
with blood - Corpora cavernosa (2)
- Corpus spongiosum (1)
- Glans penis
- Prepuce or foreskin covers
- Circumcision Surgical removal
- External urethra orifice
14Penis
15Accessory Glands
- Bulbourethral glands
- Contribute about 5 to semen
- Secretions
- Semen
- Composite of sperm cells and secretions
- Emission
- Discharge of semen into prostatic urethra
- Ejaculation
- Forceful expulsion of semen from urethra
- Seminal vesicles
- Empty into ejaculatory duct
- Produce about 60 of semen
- Prostate gland
- Produces about 30 of semen
16Regulation of Sex HormoneSecretion
- Hypothalamus releases
- GnRH or LHRH which stimulates
- LH or ICSH to produce testosterone
- FSH to stimulate sperm cell formation
- Inhibin inhibits FSH secretion from anterior
pituitary
17Puberty and Testosterone
- Puberty
- Age at which individuals become capable of sexual
reproduction - Before puberty small amounts of testosterone
inhibit GnRH release - During puberty testosterone does not completely
suppress GnRH release, resulting in increased
FSH,LH, and testosterone
- Testosterone
- Produced by interstitial cells, adrenal cortex
and sustentacular cells - Causes development of male sex organs in embryo,
stimulates descent of testes, causes enlargement
of genitals and necessary for sperm cell formation
18Male Sexual Behavior andMale Sex Act
- Male sexual behavior
- Testosterone required to initiate and maintain
- Male sex act
- Complex series of reflexes that result in
erection of penis, secretion of mucus into
urethra, emission, ejaculation - Sensations result in orgasm associated with
ejaculation and then resolution
19Neural Control of Erection
- Stimulation
- Tactile or psychological
- Parasympathetic
- Erection due to vasodilation of blood vessels
- Sympathetic
- Causes erection, emission, ejaculation
- Erectile Dysfunction
20Anatomy of Female Reproductive System
- Female reproductive organs
- Ovaries
- Uterine tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
- External genital organs
- Mammary glands
21Female Pelvis
22Uterus, Vagina, Uterine Tubes, Ovaries and
Supporting Ligaments
23Ovary Histology
24Maturation of Follicle and Oocyte
25Maturation and Fertilization of Oocyte
26Follicle and Oocyte Development
- Oogenesis is the production of a secondary oocyte
in ovaries - Oogonia are cells from which oocytes develop
- Primary oocytes are surround by granulosa cells
and called a primordial follicle - Primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle
when oocyte enlarges and cells change
- Primary follicle becomes secondary follicle and
enlarges to form mature or graafian follicle - Usually only one is ovulated, others degenerate
- Primary oocyte completes first meiotic division
to produce secondary oocyte and a polar body - Secondary oocyte begins second meiotic division,
which stops in metaphase II
27Ovulation and Follicle Fate
- Ovulation
- Follicle swells and ruptures, secondary oocyte is
released from ovary - Second meiotic division completed when secondary
oocyte unites with sperm cell to form zygote
- Fate of the follicle
- Graafian follicle become corpus luteum
- If fertilization occurs, corpus luteum persists
- If no fertilization, becomes corpus albicans
28Uterine Tubes and Uterus
- Uterine or fallopian tubes or oviducts
- Open directly into peritoneal cavity to receive
oocyte from ovary - Transport oocyte or zygote from ovary to uterus
- Uterus
- Parts Body, isthmus, cervix
- Composed of 3 layers
- Perimetrium Serous membrane
- Myometrium Smooth muscle
- Endometrium Mucous membrane
29Vagina and Perineum
- Perineum
- Divided into two triangles
- Urogenital Contains the external genitalia
- Anal triangle
- Clinical perineum
- Region between vagina and anus
- Episiotomy Incision to prevent tearing during
childbirth
- Vagina
- Female organ of copulation
- Allows menstrual flow and childbirth
- Hymen covers the vaginal opening or orifice
30Female External Genitalia
- Vulva or pudendum or external female genitalia
- Vestibule Space
- Labia minora Form borders on sides
- Clitoris Erectile structure
- Corpora cavernosa
- Corpora spongiosa
- Labia majora
- Unite to form mons pubis
31Female Perineum
32Mammary Glands
- Organs of milk production located within mammae
or breasts - Consist of glandular lobes and adipose tissue
- Coopers ligaments support the breasts
33Puberty and Menstrual Cycle
- Menstrual Cycle
- About 28 days long
- Phases
- Menses
- Proliferative phase
- Secretory phase
- Menses
- Amenorrhea Absence of a menstrual cycle
- Menopause Cessation of menstrual cycles
- Puberty
- Begins with menarche or first episode of
menstrual bleeding - Begins when GnRH levels increase
34Menstrual Cycle
35Hormone Regulation during Menstrual Cycle
36Female Sexual Behaviorand Sex Act
- Female sex act
- Parasympathetic stimulation
- Blood engorgement in clitoris and around vaginal
opening - Erect nipples
- Mucouslike fluid extruded into vagina and through
wall - Orgasm not necessary for fertilization to occur
- Female sexual behavior
- Depends on hormones
- Androgens and steroids
- Depends on psychological factors
37Female Fertility and Pregnancy
- Pregnancy
- Oocyte can be fertilized up to 24 hours after
ovulation - Sperm cells can be viable for up to 6 days in
female tract - Ectopic pregnancy Implantation occurs anywhere
other than uterine cavity
- Female fertility
- Sperm ejaculated into vagina during copulation
and transported through cervix and uterine tubes
to ampulla - Sperm cells undergo capacitation
38Sperm Cell Movement
39Changes in Hormones During Pregnancy
40Control of Pregnancy
- Lactation
- Chemical methods
- Oral contraceptives
- Injections as Depo-Provera
- Implants
- Morning-after pills
- Surgical methods
- Vasectomy
- Tubal ligation
- Abortions
- Behavioral methods
- Abstinence
- Coitus interruptus
- Rhythm method
- Barrier methods
- Condom
- Male and female
- Diaphragm
- Cervical cap
- Spermicidal agents
41Effects of Aging
- Male
- Decrease in size and weight of testes
- Decrease in sperm production
- Prostate gland enlarges and increase in cancer
- Impotence is age-related
- Decrease in sexual activity
- Female
- Menopause
- Decrease in size of uterus and vaginal wall thins
- Age related increase in breast, uterine, ovarian
cancer