Title: Anatomy and Physiology by Rod R Seeley 6th edition chapter 18 power-point
1 Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition
Rod R. SeeleyIdaho State University Trent D.
StephensIdaho State University Philip
TatePhoenix College
Chapter 18 Lecture Outline
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2Chapter 18
3Endocrine System Functions
- Metabolism and tissue maturation
- Ion regulation
- Water balance
- Immune system regulation
- Heart rate and blood pressure regulation
- Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
- Control of reproductive functions
- Uterine contractions and milk release
4Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
- Where nervous and endocrine systems interact
- Pituitary gland/hypophysis
- Secretes 9 major hormones
- Hypothalamus
- Regulates secretory activity of pituitary gland
through neurohormones and action potentials - Posterior pituitary is an extension of
5Pituitary Gland Structure
- Posterior or neurohypophysis
- Continuous with the brain
- Secretes neurohormones
- Anterior or adenohypophysis
- Consists of three areas with indistinct
boundaries pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars
tuberalis
6Relationship of Pituitary to Brain
7Hypothalamus, Anterior Pituitary and Target
Tissues
8Pituitary Gland Hormones
- Posterior
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Oxytocin
- Anterior
- Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Prolactin
9Antidiuretic Hormone
- Also called vasopressin
- Promotes water retention by kidneys
- Secretion rate changes in response to alterations
in blood osmolality and blood volume - Lack of ADH secretion is a cause of diabetes
insipidus
10Oxytocin
- Promotes uterine contractions during delivery
- Causes milk ejection in lactating women
11Growth Hormone (GH)
- Stimulates uptake of amino acids and conversion
into proteins - Stimulates breakdown of fats and glycogen
- Promotes bone and cartilage growth
- Increased secretion in response to increase amino
acids, low blood glucose, or stress - Regulated by GHRH and GHIH or somatostatin
12TSH, ACTH, MSH
- ACTH
- Stimulates cortisol secretion from adrenal cortex
- MSH
- Increases skin pigmentation
- TSH or thyrotropin
- Causes release of thyroid hormones from thyroid
gland
13LH, FSH, Prolactin
- LH and FSH
- Both hormones regulate production of gametes and
reproductive hormones - Testosterone in males
- Estrogen and progesterone in females
- GnRH from hypothalamus stimulates LH and FSH
secretion
- Prolactin
- Stimulates milk production in lactating females
14Thyroid Gland
- One of largest endocrine glands
- Highly vascular
- Histology
- Composed of follicles
- Parafollicular cells
- Secrete calcitonin which reduces calcium
concentration in body fluids when levels elevated
15Biosynthesis of Thyroid Hormones
16Thyroid Hormones
- Include
- Triiodothryronine or T3
- Tetraiodothyronine or T4 or thyroxine
- Transported in blood
- Bind with intracellular receptor molecules and
initiate new protein synthesis - Increase rate of glucose, fat, protein metabolism
in many tissues thus increasing body temperature - Normal growth of many tissues dependent on
17Regulation of T3 and T4 Secretion
18 Thyroid Hormone Hyposecretion and Hypersecretion
- Hypothyroidism
- Decreased metabolic rate
- Weight gain, reduced appetite
- Dry and cold skin
- Weak, flabby skeletal muscles, sluggish
- Myxedema
- Apathetic, somnolent
- Coarse hair, rough dry skin
- Decreased iodide uptake
- Possible goiter
- Hyperthyroidism
- Increased metabolic rate
- Weight loss, increased appetite
- Warm flushed skin
- Weak muscles that exhibit tremors
- Exophthalmos
- Hyperactivity, insomnia
- Soft smooth hair and skin
- Increased iodide uptake
- Almost always develops goiter
19Parathyroid Glands
- Embedded in thyroid
- Secrete PTH
- Increases blood calcium levels
- Stimulates osteoclasts
- Promotes calcium reabsorption by kidneys
20Regulation of PTH Secretion
21Adrenal Glands
- Functions as part of sympathetic nervous system
- Composed of medulla and cortex (3 layers)
- Hormones
- Medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Cortex secretes mineralocorticoids,
glucocorticoids, androgens
22Hormones of Adrenal Cortex
- Mineralocorticoids
- Zona glomerulosa
- Aldosterone produced in greatest amounts
- Increases rate of sodium reabsorption by kidneys
increasing sodium blood levels - Glucocorticoids
- Zona fasciculata
- Cortisol is major hormone
- Increases fat and protein breakdown, increases
glucose synthesis, decreases inflammatory
response - Androgens
- Zona reticularis
- Converted to androgen and testosterone
23Pancreas
- Located along small intestine and stomach
- Exocrine gland
- Produces pancreatic digestive juices
- Endocrine gland
- Consists of pancreatic islets
- Composed of
- Alpha cells secrete glucagon
- Beta cells secrete insulin
- Delta cells secrete somatostatin
24Insulin and Glucagon
- Insulin
- Target tissues liver, adipose tissue, muscle,
and satiety center of hypothalamus - Increases uptake of glucose and amino acids by
cells
- Glucagon
- Target tissue is liver
- Causes breakdown of glycogen and fats for energy
25Regulation of Insulin Secretion
26Regulation of Blood Nutrient Levels After a Meal
27Regulation of Blood Nutrient Levels During
Exercise
28Hormones of the Reproductive System
- Female Ovaries
- Estrogen and Progesterone
- Uterine and mammary gland development and
function, external genitalia structure, secondary
sex characteristics, menstrual cycle - Inhibin
- Inhibits FSH secretion
- Relaxin
- Increases flexibility of symphysis pubis
- Male Testes
- Testosterone
- Regulates production of sperm cells and
development and maintenance of male reproductive
organs and secondary sex characteristics - Inhibin
- Inhibits FSH secretion
29Pineal Body
- In epithalamus
- Produces
- Melatonin
- Enhances sleep
- Arginine vasotocin
- Regulates function of reproductive system in some
animals
30Effects of Aging on Endocrine System
- Gradual decrease in secretory activity of some
glands - GH as people age
- Melatonin
- Thyroid hormones
- Kidneys secrete less renin
- Familial tendency to develop type II diabetes
31Diabetes Mellitus
- Results from inadequate secretion of insulin or
inability of tissues to respond to insulin - Types
- Type I or IDDM (Insulin-dependent)
- Develops in young people
- Type II or NIDDM (Non-insulin dependent)
- Develops in people older than 40-45
- More common