IPA in the text. Notice that many of the consonants symbols

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Articulatory PhoneticsVocal Tract Anatomy and
Articulation
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More on IPA

• The IPA
• Review
• Why would we need to know it?
• So you dont have to
• waste brain cells
• (and ink) using letters
• that dont make
• any noise

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IPA in the text

• Notice that many of the consonants symbols are
  quite similar to the Roman Alphabet that we use
  in English.
• Transcription clues
• Dont transcribe silent letters or double
  letters!
• Dont be influenced by English spelling.
• Remember that sometimes one English letter must
  be written using two IPA symbols and vice versa.
• Learning to transcribe is not at all like
  learning formal logic or algebra it is more
  like learning how to make a recognizable sketch
  of a face or an object. AM p. 5
• In pairs try to transcribe the words
• axe says rhyme cheese dog cat
• facts fax horse

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More on IPA

• Broad vs. Narrow Transcription
• Broad PHONEMIC transcription
• Require some knowledge of phonological
  patterns/system of a language before they can
  be made.
• Narrow PHONETIC transcription
• Provides details of the realization of phonemes
• Comes about in 2 ways
• Impressionistic transcription Could be because
  one doesnt know anything about the
  languagetranscribing everything is then
  important.
• Allophonic Phonological patterns are known
• E.g. pit and spit
• What are some advantages/disadvantages to IPA?

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IPA Good or bad?

• What are some advantages to the IPA?
• 1-1 symbol to sound relationship
• accurate transcriptions
• international way to record speech
• What are some disadvantages using the IPA?
• lots of symbols that have lots of subtle
  differences
• cannot necessarily capture syntactic or semantic
  differences
• dialectical differences of same word spelled
  differently

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Introduction to sound waves

• Consider the case of human speech communication
• We have the three main branches of Phonetics
• Articulatory (which is?)
• the identification classification of individual
  sounds
• Acoustic (which is?)
• the analysis and measurement of sound waves
• Auditory (which is?)
• the ear and how sound is perceived

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Introduction to sound waves

• When we say sounds several things are implied.
• some thing is produced and
• some thing is heard
• It is first of all the sensation produced by
  stimulating the organs of hearing.

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http//darkwing.uoregon.edu/guion/411notes/1Intro
.pdf 6
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Auditory Phonetics Perception

• We see here the anatomy of the human ear.
• Inside is the eardrum which is moved by air
  pushed down the ear canal.

http//www.uptodate.com/patients/content/images/pe
di_pix/Normal_ear_anatomy.jpg
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Auditory Phonetics Perception

• As the sound hits the eardrum it causes the
  membrane to vibrate.
• As the eardrum moves it sends a signal to the
  cochlea via 3 small bones.
• Liquid in the cochlea stimulates nerve endings
  sending messages to the brain.

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Auditory Phonetics Perception

• The brain interprets the messages from the nerves
  as ___________(what)?
• SOUND!!!
• BUT how does it get there in the first place?
• Sound is produced when something vibrates in a
  medium that can carry the vibration.
• In most cases the medium which with we are most
  familiar is
• AIR.
• However other mediums also carry vibration waves
  solids and liquids also can carry vibration.

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Also note

• Humans can also make many other sounds with their
  speech organs than what are employed as discrete
  units (or meaningful units) of sounds within
  language.
• e.g. raspberry, whistling, screaming, etc.
• NOTE While these are not language they can
  still be communication.

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Introduction to speech organ articulation

• Lets look at the process of how we generate
  sounds.
• There is a source and a filter.
• The source would be?
• The larynx/vocal cords/glottis
• What do you think is the filter?
• throat, mouth, sinus cavities, etc.
• I like to think of the vocal tract as an
  instrument.
• Wind/Brass

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Speech organs articulation

• The vocal tract
• The oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, and
  larynx (voice box)
• Vocal Folds
• (previously thought to be cords) two folds of
  tissue with embedded muscle and ligaments found
  inside the larynx.
• Attached at the back to the arytenoids cartilages
  and in the front to the inner surface of the
  thyroid cartilage.
• Their vibration is the source of the periodic
  energy for human speech sounds.

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Speech organs articulation

• Larynx
• Cartilage connective tissue at the lower end of
  the vocal tract and above the windpipe,
  containing the vocal folds.
• Some also call it the voice box.
• Glottis
• The space between the vocal folds.

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Speech organs articulation

• 2 main divisions of the vocal tract system

http//www.haskins.yale.edu/featured/heads/MMSP/gr
aphics/fig1.gif
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Speech organs articulation

• The 4 main components of the speech mechanism.

http//www.haskins.yale.edu/featured/heads/MMSP/gr
aphics/fig1.gif
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Speech organs articulation

• Bernoulli effect
• The rapid rise in airflow when the cords open (5)
• results in a drop in pressure and consequent
  suction effect which tends to draw the cords back
  into the closed position (6-8)
• This vibration in the larynx is heard as pitch.
  It is measured in Hz .
• average around 120Hz adult male 220 Hz adult
  female.
• (80Hz is considered low range of a bass voice
  while a soprano can reach as high as 1170Hz).

http//www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/mucosa_wave.GIF
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Speech organs articulation

• Larynx and epiglottis
• Ball Rahilly 99 p. 9

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Speech organs articulation

• Supralaryngal or Supraglottal vocal tract
• Oral Cavity
• Nasal Cavity

Ladefoged 2006
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Speech organs articulation

• Oral Cavity
• lips
• teeth
• jaw/mandible
• alveolar ridge
• tongue
• tip,
• blade,
• body/dorsum,
• root
• hard palate
• velum/soft palate
• uvula
• pharynx
• epiglottis

Hayes 2009
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Articulators (place of articulation)

• What do things like the tongue, velum, and lips
  have in common?
• They impede or direct the airstream.
• They move or are Active.
• What do things like the hard palate, teeth,
  alveolar ridge, and nasal cavity have in common?
• They are more fixed and are the (near) contact
  points for the active articulators.
• Commonly called Passive articulators.

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Articulators (place of articulation)

• Active Articulators
• A part of the vocal tract which moves towards
  another (the passive articulator) to form a
  constriction during the articulation of a sound.
• Articulators which may be active are upper lip,
  lower lip, tongue tip, tongue blade, tongue
  front, tongue back, tongue root, vocal folds.
• For bilabial and glottal articulations, both
  articulators are active.
• Passive Articulators
• The non active part of the vocal tract capable
  in being used to form a constriction for the
  purpose of producing a speech sound.

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Articulators (place of articulation)

• Name Active Articulator Passive
  Articulator
• Bilabial Lips 
• Labiodental Lower lip Upper front
  teeth
• Dental Tongue tip Upper front
  teeth
• Alveolar Tongue tip/blade Alveolar
  ridge
• Postalveolar Tongue tip/blade Rear
  of alveolar ridge
• Alveolo-palatal Tongue tip and blade Alveolar
  ridge hard palate
• Retroflex Tongue tip Hard palate
• Palatal Tongue front Hard palate
• Velar Tongue back Soft palate
• Uvular Tongue back Uvula
• Pharyngeal Tongue root Rear wall
  of pharynx
• Glottal Vocal folds 

http//www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/sid/poa.htm
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Places of articulation
Check out this site http//www.uiowa.edu/acadte
ch/phonetics/anatomy.htm http//www.sil.org/Mexic
o/ling/Glosario/E005ci-PlacesArt.htm
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Manner and Place of articulation

• Lets take a look at the consonantal section of
  the IPA chart
• Which is manner? which is place?

Technical name Voicing, Place, and Manner
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Face Diagrams

• Face Diagrams can capture 6 characteristics of
  sound identification
• State of the Vocal Folds
• Airstream mechanism
• Direction of airstream
• Place of resonance (oral or nasal/nasalized)
• Which Articulator
• Manner of Articulation

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1. a. State of VF

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

This wavy line depicts the movement in the larynx
(remember vibration sound ? a voiced segment)
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1. b. State of VF

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• To show that a segment is voiceless we use
  two short straight lines with a small gap
  between them.

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Face Diagrams

• Face Diagrams can capture 6 characteristics of
  sound identification
• State of the Vocal Folds
• Airstream mechanism
• Direction of airstream
• Place of resonance (oral or nasal/nasalized)
• Which Articulator
• Manner of Articulation

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2. Airstream Mechanism

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• To show from where the air is flowing we use
  a small arrow.

The airstream is represented by an arrow near the
initiator. Pulmonic has an arrow just below the
glottis (from the lungs).
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Face Diagrams

• Face Diagrams can capture 6 characteristics of
  sound identification
• State of the Vocal Folds
• Airstream mechanism
• Direction of airstream
• Place of resonance (oral or nasal/nasalized)
• Which Articulator
• Manner of Articulation

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3. Direction of the Airstream

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• The arrow indicated the direction of the
  airflow

In this case its egressive or flowing out of the
vocal tract Opposite - ingressive
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Face Diagrams

• Face Diagrams can capture 6 characteristics of
  sound identification
• State of the Vocal Folds
• Airstream mechanism
• Direction of airstream
• Place of resonance (oral or nasal/nasalized)
• Which Articulator
• Manner of Articulation

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4. a. Place of resonance (oral or
nasal/nasalized)

• Shows which cavity is being used in the
  production of the sound.

ORAL? if the Velum is down in with the back
touching the pharyngeal wall
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4. b. Place of resonance (oral or
nasal/nasalized)

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• Shows which cavity is being used in the
  production of the sound.

NASAL? if the Velum is not in contact with the
back touching the pharyngeal wall
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Face Diagrams

• Face Diagrams can capture 6 characteristics of
  sound identification
• State of the Vocal Folds
• Airstream mechanism
• Direction of airstream
• Place of resonance (oral or nasal/nasalized)
• Which Articulator
• which articulators are being used
• Manner of Articulation
• what is the type of obstruction / constriction?
• (For these two well look at the online
  resource)http//www.uiowa.edu/acadtech/phonetics
  /english/frameset.html