Title: Integrated Pest Management for Insects and Mites in Greenhouse Production
1Integrated Pest Management for Insects and Mites
in Greenhouse Production
- PSS 127 Greenhouse Operations and Management
2What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM) ?
- An intelligent selection and use of pest-control
actions that will ensure favorable economic,
ecological and sociological consequences.1 - 1 R.L Raab 1972.
3Why IPM?
- Collapse of Control Systems.
- Pesticide resistance.
- Loss of pesticide registrations.
- Health risks associated with pesticides for
agricultural workers and consumers. - Loss of natural enemies brought on new pest
outbreaks.
4Why Greenhouses?
- Controlled environments
- Semi-closed or closed production areas
- Discreet number of insect pests
- Monoculture v.s. Polyculture
5Basic IPM
- Pest Identification
- Monitoring or Scouting
- Threshold and Action Levels
- Tactics Cultural, Mechanical, Physical,
Biological, and Chemical - Evaluation
6Case 1 Two Spotted Spider Mite (TSSM)
- Tetranychus urticae
- Huge host plant range
- Oval body, four pairs of legs.
- Pale yellow-green or red with a dark spot on each
side of the body. - Known for developing resistance to many
pesticides.
7Crop Damage
8TSSM Biology
9Two Spotted Spider Mite Biology
10IPM Steps
- 1. Identification yes, TSSM
- 2. Monitoring How? What?
- Use Scouting Methods.
- Record Environmental Conditions.
11Scouting Equipment
Optivisor
Hand Lens
Sticky yellow trap cards
Scouting records
12Trap Cards as Scouting Tools
- Yellow cards trap winged aphids, whiteflies,
thrips, fungus gnats, and shore flies. - One card/250 1000ft2
- Horizontal is better for trapping fungus gnats.
- They may snag natural enemies too.
13Plant Inspection
- Look at
- New tip growth
- Mature leaves
- Senescent leaves
- Return to known problem areas.
- Avoid edges.
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15Thresholds and Action Levels
- Problems
- Growers want to avoid risks especially with high
value crops. - Once the threshold level is reached, the
probability of partial or total crop loss is
high.
16IPM Tactic 1. Cultural Control
Weeds outside the greenhouse
Weeds inside the greenhouse
Cultivar Selection
Sanitation
17IPM Tactic 2. Mechanical Control
- Using physical objects or devices to control
pests. - Insect screening on intake vents, exhaust fans,
and entrances. - 215-300 microns
- Restricts air flow.
- Electric Bug Zappers.
- Insect Vacuums.
18IPM Tactic 3. Physical Control
- Altering environmental conditions to discourage
pest infestation. - Temperature
- Relative Humidity
- Case 1 TSSM High Humidity discourages TSSM
flare-ups.
19IPM Tactic 4. Biological Control
- Definition Biological control is any activity
of one species that reduces the adverse effects
of other species.
20Types of Natural Enemies
Predation
Parasitism
Herbivory
Competition
21Case 1 TSSMBiological Control - Predatory mite
Phytoseiulus persimilis
Two Spotted Spider Mite
Phytoseiulus persimilis
22P.persimilis controls TSSM on cucumber, sweet
pepper, tomato, eggplant, bean, cut flowers,
strawberries and many field crops.
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24Bio-control ParasitismCase 2 Whitefly
ControlCommon Pest of Greenhouse Tomato
Greenhouse Whitefly
Silverleaf Whitefly
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27Bio-controls Parasitic Hymenopterans
Female Encarsia formosa
Greenhouse Whitefly Parasitoid
Silverleaf Whitefly Parasitoid
28IPM Tactic 5. Chemical Control
- Old school
- Broad Spectrum pesticides
- New school
- Bio-rational pesticides
29Pesticide Efficacy
- Correct pest identification.
- Most susceptible pest life stage.
- Good coverage.
- Proper dosage.
- Avoid tank mixes.
- Rotate chemical families.
Citrus Mealybug
30Bio-rational Pesticides
- Look for compatibility with natural enemies
- Specific target pest
- Specific life stage (IGRs)
- Short residual time
- Short Restricted Entry
- Interval (REI)
31Case 3 Green Peach Aphid (GPA)Myzus persicae
Unwinged GPA adults and nymphs
Aphid damage
Winged GPA
ESM GPA
32Natural Enemies of Myzus persicae
Chrysoperla carnea
Aphidoletes aphidimyza
Aphidius colemani
Mummified aphid
33Side Effects of Pesticides on Natural Enemies
- Mortality of eggs, immatures or adults.
- Reduced fertility.
- Effect moulting.
- Repellency
34Compatibility of Bio-rational Pesticides and
Natural Enemies (Koppert)
Azadirachtin Insecticides Pyriproxyfen Horticultural oil Insecticidal Soap
Natural Enemy Aphidius colemani ? Mummy 25 Adult 0 persistence 25 75 ½ week 25 25 0 persistence ? 100 ?
Chrysoperla carnea 25 larva ? lt 3 weeks 25 75 0 persistence 25 25 0 persistence 100 100 ?
Steinernema feltiae 25 larva 0 persistence ? ? 25 0 persistence 100 ?
http//www.koppert.nl
35Evaluation
- Successful Crop
- Cost (materials, labor, health risks,
environmental damage) - Multiple tactics?
- Ease of operation
- What would you do differently next season?
36Mealybug predator
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
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38Thank You