An Important Aspect of Human Socialization is

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An Important Aspect of Human Socialization is

• The need for contact comfort from others.

Prof. Tamara Arrington University of Kentucky COM
252
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So, the need to touch these are perceptible.

• The need is so strong, you feel the need within
  you.

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Need for Contact Comfort

• These people are touching each other!
• Note their age.
• Note their color.
• Note the genders.
• Does it feel good?

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Need for Contact Comfort

• These people are touching.
• Note their age.
• Note their color.
• Note the genders.
• Does it feel good?

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Need for Contact Comfort

• These people are touching each other.

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Need for Contact Comfort

• These people are touching each other.
• Note their ages.
• They are males.
• Does it feel good?

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Need for Contact Comfort
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Need for Contact Comfort

• So, what would happen it we did not get enough
  contact comfort while we were developing our
  personalities as children?

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Harry Harlow 1905-1981

• BA and PhD in psychology from Stanford Univ.
  (1930)
• 1930 joined faculty Univ. of Wisconsin
• 1931 established Psychology Primate Lab
• A Science Odyssey (1998). http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/
  aso/databank/entires/bharl.html

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Harry Harlow 1905-1981

• Harlow was intrigued by love.
• He questioned the, then current, theory that love
  began as a feeding bond with the mother and
  applied by extension to other family members.
• In 1957, he began his, now famous, study of
  rhesus monkeys.
• A Science Odyssey (1998). http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/
  aso/databank/entires/bharl.html

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Harry Harlow

• Nonhuman primates can offer tremendous insights
  into human development.
• Of all animals, apes and monkey are the most
  closely related to humans behaviorally,
  anatomically, and physiologically.
• Rhesus monkeys share over 90 of their genes with
  those of humans.
• Continuing Nursing Education Credit. The Power
  of Touch in Labor and Infancy. (Retrieved 2001,
  January 30) http//www.eddesign.com/jjsite/introdu
  c.htm

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Harry Harlow

• Rhesus monkeys and other primates offer
  researchers invaluable opportunities to study the
  longitudinal effects of touch over the course of
  generations.
• These animals age from birth to maturity (onset
  of puberty) in 3 or 4 years, instead of 15 to 20
  years, as is the case with humans.
• Continuing Nursing Education Credit. The Power
  of Touch in Labor and Infancy. (Retrieved 2001,
  January 30) http//www.eddesign.com/jjsite/introdu
  c.htm

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Harry Harlow 1905-1981

• He took baby rhesus monkeys from their mothers
  shortly after birth.

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Harry Harlow in his primate lab at the University
of Wisconsin, with Rhesus monkeys, in a 1964
photo. (Nina Leen / Timelife Pictures)
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Harlow, shown in 1965 with an infant monkey and
one of his milk-bearing wire surrogates.
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Harry Harlow 1905-1981

• A surrogate (substitute) mother was given to the
  baby monkeys
• Harlow, H. The Nature of Love in Green, C.
  (2000, March). Classics in the History of
  Psychology. Toronto, Ontario York University

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Harry Harlow 1905-1981

• And a wire mother was also provided
• Wire had food
• Cloth had no food
• Harlow, H. The Nature of Love in Green, C.
  (2000, March). Classics in the History of
  Psychology. Toronto, Ontario York University

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Harry Harlow 1905-1981

• The monkey preferred the cloth mother to the
  extent that it clung to the cloth mother while
  eating.
• Harlow, H. The Nature of Love in Green, C.
  (2000, March). Classics in the History of
  Psychology. Toronto, Ontario York University

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Harlow discovered that baby monkeys deprived of
their mothers (left) would transfer their
affections to a cloth surrogate. When they
needed to eat, they would scamper over to a
milk-bearing wire mother, but then quickly return
to cuddle with the softer surrogate. (Images
courtesy of Harlow Primate Laboratory /
University of Wisconsin, Madison)
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Harry Harlow 1905-1981

• RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT All the rhesus monkeys
  raised in isolation were
• Fearful
• Easily frightened
• Did not mate
• Those artificially inseminated became abusive
  mothers
• Schaefer, R.T. (2001). Sociology (7th ed).
  Boston McGraw Hill.

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Harry Harlow 1905-1981

• RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT cont.
• The infants developed autistic-likesyndrome,
  with grooming, self-clasping, social withdrawal
  and rocking.
• The Why Files. (1999). The Science of Mothers
  Day. University of Wisconsin, Board of Regents.
• http//whyfiles.org/087mother/4.html

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Harry Harlow 1905-1981

• Harlow used this bear for the fear test. When
  Harlow put this in the cage with the isolated
  monkeys, they were afraid.
• Harlow, H. The Nature of Love in Green, C.
  (2000, March). Classics in the History of
  Psychology. Toronto, Ontario York University

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Harry Harlow 1905-1981

• The typical response in the fear test was to
  cling to the cloth mother. (not the wire mother
  with the food)
• Harlow, H. The Nature of Love in Green, C.
  (2000, March). Classics in the History of
  Psychology. Toronto, Ontario York University

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Harry Harlow 1905-1981

• Testing responses to strange objects. A crumpled
  piece of paper.
• Harlow, H. The Nature of Love in Green, C.
  (2000, March). Classics in the History of
  Psychology. Toronto, Ontario York University

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Harry Harlow 1905-1981

• Object response was exploration in presence of
  cloth mother
• Harlow, H. The Nature of Love in Green, C.
  (2000, March). Classics in the History of
  Psychology. Toronto, Ontario York University

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Harry Harlow 1905-1981

• Object response when surrogate mother is removed.
  
• Harlow, H. The Nature of Love in Green, C.
  (2000, March). Classics in the History of
  Psychology. Toronto, Ontario York University

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Harry Harlow 1905-1981

• Another test.
• Babies taken from surrogate mothers and put in
  box alone with option of different doors to open.
• They responded with great preference for the
  picture of the cloth mother.
• Harlow, H. The Nature of Love in Green, C.
  (2000, March). Classics in the History of
  Psychology. Toronto, Ontario York University

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What are the implications for humans that can
be made?
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Can there be similarities?
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Implications For The Human Socialization Process

• Parental contact is absolutely critical to
  infants psychosocial well-being. Critical
  absolutely necessary.wont happen without it.
• Continuing Nursing Education Credit. The Power
  of Touch in Labor and Infancy. (Retrieved 2001,
  Janaury 30). http//www.eddesign.com/jjsite/intr
  oduc.htm

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We know that in the Human Socialization Process

• Simple, systematic massage of premature infants
  can increase their weight by as much as 47.
• Term infants receiving regular massage gain more
  weight and develop better sleep patterns.
• Uninterrupted support during womens labor (both
  touch emotional) results in significant
  decreases in cesarean sections and epidural
  rates.
• Continuing Nursing Education Credit. The Power
  of Touch in Labor and Infancy. (Retrieved 2001,
  Janaury 30). http//www.eddesign.com/jjsite/intr
  oduc.htm

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We know that in the Human Socialization Process

• Researchers have long noted a depression-like
  response by infants to the absence of parental
  contact.
• Following WW II, Spitz coined the term anaclitic
  depression to describe the clinical response of
  human infants to prolonged maternal separation.
• Continuing Nursing Education Credit. The Power
  of Touch in Labor and Infancy. (Retrieved 2001,
  Janaury 30). http//www.eddesign.com/jjsite/intr
  oduc.htm

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Implications For The Human Socialization Process

• Monkey infants who were denied contact a
  secure base ceased to explore their
  environments.
• Continuing Nursing Education Credit. The Power
  of Touch in Labor and Infancy. (Retrieved 2001,
  Janaury 30). http//www.eddesign.com/jjsite/intr
  oduc.htm

• Implication Depression in human children would
  result in lack of exploration of their
  environments which has implications for learning

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Implications For The Human Socialization Process

• Longitudinal studies of rhesus monkeys indicate
  that mother-infant bonding practices are repeated
  and reinforced from generation to generation.
• Continuing Nursing Education Credit. The Power
  of Touch in Labor and Infancy. (Retrieved 2001,
  Janaury 30). http//www.eddesign.com/jjsite/intr
  oduc.htm

• Implication The kind of bonding you received as
  a child will influence the kind of bonding you
  would have with a child of your own and they
  likewise andon, and on,and on..

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Implications For The Human Socialization Process

• Touch was more important to monkey infants than
  anything else they could receive from their
  mothers or mother surrogate including food.
• Continuing Nursing Education Credit. The Power
  of Touch in Labor and Infancy. (Retrieved 2001,
  Janaury 30). http//www.eddesign.com/jjsite/intr
  oduc.htm

• Implication A father caring for an infant
  should be just as effective as mother .
• Or, adoptive parents should be just as effective
  as the biological parent.

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Implications For The Human Socialization Process

• Deficits in early touch contact lead to
  behavioral and physiological problems that are
  both short and long-term.
• Continuing Nursing Education Credit. The Power
  of Touch in Labor and Infancy. (Retrieved 2001,
  Janaury 30). http//www.eddesign.com/jjsite/intr
  oduc.htm

• Implication Infant touch deprivation may have
  lifelong effects on social behaviors.

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Implications For The Human Socialization Process

• As adolescents and adults, rhesus monkeys reared
  in tactile isolation actively avoided most social
  contact.
• Continuing Nursing Education Credit. The Power
  of Touch in Labor and Infancy. (Retrieved 2001,
  Janaury 30). http//www.eddesign.com/jjsite/intr
  oduc.htm

• Could this contribute to social isolation in
  humans?

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Implications For The Human Socialization Process

• As adolescents and adults, rhesus monkeys reared
  in tactile isolation tended to be hyper
  aggressive in the infrequent social interactions,
  habitually exhibiting behaviors similar to
  anger and depression
• Continuing Nursing Education Credit. The Power
  of Touch in Labor and Infancy. (Retrieved 2001,
  Janaury 30). http//www.eddesign.com/jjsite/intr
  oduc.htm

• Could this be contributing to the many incidents
  of hyper aggression in the youth today?

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Implications For The Human Socialization Process

• Adolescent and adult rhesus monkeys reared in
  tactile isolation developed gross abnormalities
  in sexual behavior.
• Continuing Nursing Education Credit. The Power
  of Touch in Labor and Infancy. (Retrieved 2001,
  Janaury 30). http//www.eddesign.com/jjsite/intr
  oduc.htm

• Could this be a contributing factor to gross
  sexual behaviors in humans?

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Implications For The Human Socialization Process

• By reinstating physical contact for touch-derived
  monkey infants, in some cases, abnormal behaviors
  can be diminished considerably.
• Continuing Nursing Education Credit. The Power
  of Touch in Labor and Infancy. (Retrieved 2001,
  Janaury 30). http//www.eddesign.com/jjsite/intr
  oduc.htm

• Could we, give contact comfort to neglected
  people and reduce their abnormal behaviors.
• Could someone help reduce our abnormal behaviors
  by giving contact comfort to us?

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Mary Carlson

• Mary Carlson, associate professor or neuroscience
  and psychology at Harvard Medical School says the
  infant monkeys develop what she called an
  autistic-like syndrome with grooming,
  self-clasping, social withdrawal and rocking.
  
• (1999). The Science of Mother's Day. University
  of Wisconsin, Board of Regents.
  http//whyfiles.org/087mother/4.html

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Carlson

• Carlson says the theme of Harlows work is that
  you are not really a monkey unless you were
  raised in an interactive monkey environment.
• (1999). The Science of Mother's Day. University
  of Wisconsin, Board of Regents.

• A major premise of communication Our Our
  human behaviors are shaped by the groups to which
  we belong and the interactions that occur within
  those groups.

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Carlson

• If Harlows monkey experiment was cruel to
  monkeys. What about the human deprivation in
  Romanian orphanages, where communist dictator,
  Nicolae Ceausescu was skeptical of all things
  touchy-feelie and therefore clamped down on
  social work and favored policies to raise the
  birth rate and established institutions for
  orphans and children whose parents could not care
  for them.
• (1999). The Science of Mother's Day. University
  of Wisconsin, Board of Regents.
  http//whyfiles.org/087mother/4.html

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Carlson

• After Ceausescu was executed in the coup in 1989.
  The orphanages were opened to a world that saw
  warehouses for the unwanted.
• The children were in the third to tenth
  percentile for physical growth, and grossly
  delayed in motor and mental development.
• They rocked and grasped themselves like Harlows
  monkeys, and grew up with weird social values and
  behaviors.
• (1999). The Science of Mother's Day. University
  of Wisconsin, Board of Regents.
  http//whyfiles.org/087mother/4.html

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Carlson

• Chemical analysis showed abnormal cortisol
  profiles, indicating sever problems with the
  stress response.
• A study by Carlson of Romanian children in
  poor-quality day care, had abnormal cortisol
  during the week, but when returned home for the
  weekend, it looked closer to normal than when at
  the day care.
• (1999). The Science of Mother's Day. University
  of Wisconsin, Board of Regents.
  http//whyfiles.org/087mother/4.html

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Carlson

• As the orphans aged, many became homeless, with
  what Carlson calls clumsy, sad, all
  inappropriate social interactions.
• To express affection, one boy might kiss another
  on top of the head.
• The youths were smiling and ingratiating and
  superficially friendly but unable to form
  permanent attachments.
• (1999). The Science of Mother's Day. University
  of Wisconsin, Board of Regents.
  http//whyfiles.org/087mother/4.html

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Carlson

• To Carlson, the Romanian research has another
  implication. The consistent relationship between
  poor care and abnormal cortisol raises the
  question of whats happening to American children
  in poor day care?
• (1999). The Science of Mother's Day. University
  of Wisconsin, Board of Regents.
  http//whyfiles.org/087mother/4.html

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Barry Brazelton

• Q. Is day care good for children?
• A. can be. It had better be. It isnt at present.
  Over 60 of children are in child care you or I
  wouldnt trust.