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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

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Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 4 The Developing Person James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)


1
Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)
  • Chapter 4
  • The Developing Person
  • James A. McCubbin, PhD
  • Clemson University
  • Worth Publishers

2
Fact vs. Falsehood
  • 1. If a mother drinks heavily, her baby may be
    mentally retarded.
  • 2. Newborns see only a blur of meaningless light
    and dark shades.
  • 3. Before age 2, infants cannot think.
  • 4. Infants initially develop close attachment to
    their mothers merely because they provide
    nourishment.
  • 5. Most abusive parents were themselves battered
    or neglected as children.
  • 6. Nine of ten high-school seniors agree with
    the statement, On the whole, Im satisfied with
    myself.
  • 7. Menopause creates significant psychological
    problems for women.
  • 8. Most mothers are depressed for a time after
    their children grow up, leave home, and marry.
  • 9. People in their twenties and thirties report
    greater life satisfaction than those in their
    sixties and seventies.
  • 10. The first two years of life provide a good
    basis for predicting a persons eventual
    personality traits.

3
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
  • Developmental Psychology
  • a branch of psychology that studies physical,
    cognitive and social change throughout the life
    span

4
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Life is sexually transmitted
5
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
  • Zygote
  • the fertilized egg
  • enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division
  • develops into an embryo
  • Embryo
  • the developing human organism from 2 weeks
    through 2nd month
  • Fetus
  • the developing human organism from 9 weeks after
    conception to birth

6
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
  • 40 days 45 days 2 months 4 months

7
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
  • Teratogens
  • agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can
    reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal
    development and cause harm
  • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
  • physical and cognitive abnormalities in children
    caused by a pregnant womans heavy drinking
  • symptoms include misproportioned head

8
The Newborn
  • Grasping Reflex
  • Firmly grabbing anything placed in the palm
  • Rooting Reflex
  • to open mouth, and search for nipple when touched
    on the cheek
  • Preferences
  • human voices and faces
  • facelike images--gt
  • smell and sound of mother
    preferred

9
The Newborn
  • Habituation
  • decreasing responsiveness with repeated
    stimulation (they get used to it)

10
The Newborn
Having habituated to the old stimulus, newborns
preferred gazing at a new one
11
Infancy and Childhood Physical Development
  • Maturation
  • growth processes that enable orderly changes in
    behavior
  • relatively uninfluenced by experience

12
Infancy and Childhood Physical Development
  • Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking
    moves a mobile--and can retain that learning for
    a month (Rovee-Collier, 1989, 1997).

13
Infancy and Childhood Cognitive Development
  • Schema
  • a concept or framework that organizes and
    interprets information (our idea of how the world
    is)
  • Assimilation
  • interpreting ones new experience in terms of
    ones existing schemas (adding info to our world
    view)

14
Infancy and Childhood Cognitive Development
  • Accommodation
  • adapting ones current understandings (schemas)
    to incorporate new information (changing our
    world view due to new info)
  • Cognition
  • All the mental activities associated with
    thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

15
Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development
16
Infancy and Childhood Cognitive Development
  • Object Permanence
  • the awareness that things continue to exist even
    when not perceived

17
Infancy and Childhood Cognitive Development
  • Baby Mathematics
  • Shown a numerically impossible outcome, infants
    stare longer (Wynn, 1992)

18
Infancy and Childhood Cognitive Development
  • Conservation
  • the principle that properties such as mass,
    volume, and number remain the same despite
    changes in the forms of objects

19
Infancy and Childhood Cognitive Development
  • Egocentrism
  • the inability of the preoperational child to take
    anothers point of view (no sense of empathy or
    personal space Its all about Me
  • Theory of Mind
  • peoples ideas about their own and others mental
    states
  • Autism
  • a disorder that appears in childhood
  • Marked by deficiencies in communication, social
    interaction and understanding of others states
    of mind

20
Psychosexual stages Freud
  • Oral focus on the mouth, choking hazard stage
  • Anal focus on elimination, potty training stage
  • Phallic discovery of boy/girl
    parts as special

21
Freuds stages continued
Latency cootie stage Genital post-puberty
22
Social Development
  • Stranger Anxiety
  • fear of strangers that infants commonly display
  • beginning by about 8 months of age
  • Attachment
  • an emotional tie with another person
  • shown in young children by their seeking
    closeness to the caregiver and displaying
    distress on separation

23
Social Development
  • Harlows Surrogate Mother Experiments
  • Monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable
    cloth mother, even while feeding from the
    nourishing wire mother
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vfLrBrk9DXVk

24
Social Development
  • Critical Period
  • an optimal period shortly after birth when an
    organisms exposure to certain stimuli or
    experiences produces proper development (the
    window of opportunity to learn new things)
  • Imprinting
  • the process by which certain animals form
    attachments during a critical period very early
    in life

25
Social Development
  • Groups of infants left by their mothers in a
    unfamiliar room (from Kagan, 1976).

26
Social Development
  • Basic Trust (Erik Erikson)
  • a sense that the world is predictable and
    trustworthy
  • said to be formed during infancy by appropriate
    experiences with responsive caregivers
  • Self-Concept
  • a sense of ones identity and personal worth

27
Social Development Child-Rearing Practices
  • Authoritarian
  • parents impose rules and expect obedience
  • Dont interrupt. Why? Because I said so.
  • Permissive
  • submit to childrens desires, make few demands,
    use little punishment
  • Authoritative
  • both demanding and responsive
  • set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open
    discussion

28
Social Development Child-Rearing Practices
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