Chapter 11: Human Development Across the Life Span

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Chapter 11 Human Development Across the Life Span
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Progress Before BirthPrenatal Development

• 3 phases
• germinal stage first 2 weeks
• conception, implantation, formation of placenta
• embryonic stage 2 weeks 2 months
• formation of vital organs and systems
• fetal stage 2 months birth
• bodily growth continues, movement capability
  begins, brain cells multiply
• age of viability

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Figure 11.1 Overview of fetal development
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Environmental Factorsand Prenatal Development

• Maternal nutrition
• Malnutrition linked to increased risk of birth
  complications, neurological problems, and
  psychopathology
• Maternal drug use
• Tobacco, alcohol, prescription, and recreational
  drugs
• Fetal alcohol syndrome

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Environmental Factorsand Prenatal Development

• Maternal illness
• Rubella, syphilis, mumps, genital herpes, AIDS,
  severe influenza
• Prenatal health care
• Prevention through guidance

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The Childhood Years Motor Development

• Basic Principles
• Cephalocaudal trend head to foot
• Proximodistal trend center-outward
• Maturation gradual unfolding of genetic
  blueprint
• Developmental norms median age
• Cultural variations

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Easy and Difficult BabiesDifferences in
Temperament

• Longitudinal vs. cross-sectional designs
• Thomas, Chess, and Birch (1970)
• 3 basic temperamental styles
• easy 40
• slow-to-warm-up 15
• difficult 10
• mixed 35
• stable over time

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Easy and Difficult BabiesDifferences in
Temperament

• Kagan Snidman (1991)
• Inhibited vs. uninhibited temperament
• inhibited 15 - 20
• uninhibited 25 - 30
• stable over time, genetically based

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Figure 11.6 Longitudinal versus cross-sectional
research
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Attachment the close emotional bond that forms
between infant and caregiver

• Harlows study of attachment in monkeys

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Early Emotional Development Attachment

• Separation anxiety
• Ainsworth (1979)
• The strange situation and patterns of attachment
• Secure
• Anxious-ambivalent
• Avoidant
• Developing secure attachment
• Bonding at birth
• Daycare
• Cultural factors
• Evolutionary perspectives on attachment

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Diagnostic criteria for 309.21 Separation Anxiety
Disorder

• A. Developmentally inappropriate and excessive
  anxiety concerning separation from home or from
  those to whom the individual is attached, as
  evidenced by three (or more) of the
  following (1) recurrent excessive distress when
  separation from home or major attachment figures
  occurs or is anticipated (2) persistent and
  excessive worry about losing, or about possible
  harm befalling, major attachment figures (3)
  persistent and excessive worry that an untoward
  event will lead to separation from a major
  attachment figure (e.g., getting lost or being
  kidnapped) (4) persistent reluctance or refusal
  to go to school or elsewhere because of fear of
  separation (5) persistently and excessively
  fearful or reluctant to be alone or without major
  attachment figures at home or without significant
  adults in other settings (6) persistent
  reluctance or refusal to go to sleep without
  being near a major attachment figure or to sleep
  away from home (7) repeated nightmares involving
  the theme of separation (8) repeated complaints
  of physical symptoms (such as headaches,
  stomachaches, nausea, or vomiting) when
  separation from major attachment figures occurs
  or is anticipated 
• B. The duration of the disturbance is at least 4
  weeks. 
• C. The onset is before age 18 years. 
• D. The disturbance causes clinically significant
  distress or impairment in social, academic
  (occupational), or other important areas of
  functioning. 
• E. The disturbance does not occur exclusively
  during the course of a Pervasive Developmental
  Disorder, Schizophrenia, or other Psychotic
  Disorder and, in adolescents and adults, is not
  better accounted for by Panic Disorder With
  Agoraphobia. 
• Specify if Early Onset if onset occurs before
  age 6 years

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Diagnostic criteria for 313.89 Reactive
Attachment Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood

• A. Markedly disturbed and developmentally
  inappropriate social relatedness in most
  contexts, beginning before age 5 years, as
  evidenced by either (1) or (2)(1) persistent
  failure to initiate or respond in a
  developmentally appropriate fashion to most
  social interactions, as manifest by excessively
  inhibited, hypervigilant, or highly ambivalent
  and contradictory responses (e.g., the child may
  respond to caregivers with a mixture of approach,
  avoidance, and resistance to comforting, or may
  exhibit frozen watchfulness) (2) diffuse
  attachments as manifest by indiscriminate
  sociability with marked inability to exhibit
  appropriate selective attachments (e.g.,
  excessive familiarity with relative strangers or
  lack of selectivity in choice of attachment
  figures) 
• B. The disturbance in Criterion A is not
  accounted for solely by developmental delay (as
  in Mental Retardation) and does not meet criteria
  for a Pervasive Developmental Disorder. 
• C. Pathogenic care as evidenced by at least one
  of the following (1) persistent disregard of
  the child's basic emotional needs for comfort,
  stimulation, and affection (2) persistent
  disregard of the child's basic physical
  needs (3) repeated changes of primary caregiver
  that prevent formation of stable attachments
  (e.g., frequent changes in foster care) 
• D. There is a presumption that the care in
  Criterion C is responsible for the disturbed
  behavior in Criterion A (e.g., the disturbances
  in Criterion A began following the pathogenic
  care in Criterion C). 
• Specify type 
• Inhibited Type if Criterion A1 predominates in
  the clinical presentation Disinhibited Type if
  Criterion A2 predominates in the clinical
  presentation

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Stage Theories of Development Personality

• Stage theories, three components
• progress through stages in order
• progress through stages related to age
• major discontinuities in development
• Erik Erikson (1963)
• Eight stages spanning the lifespan
• Psychosocial crises determining balance between
  opposing polarities in personality

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Figure 11.10 Stage theories of development
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Figure 11.11 Eriksons stage theory
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Stage Theories Cognitive Development

• Jean Piaget (1920s-1980s)
• Assimilation/ Accommodation
• 4 stages and major milestones
• Sensorimotor
• Object permanence
• Preoperational
• Centration, Egocentrism
• Concrete Operational
• Decentration, Reversibility, Conservation
• Formal Operational
• Abstraction

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Figure 11.12 Piagets stage theory
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Figure 11.13 Piagets conservation task
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Figure 11.14 The gradual mastery of conservation
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The Development of Moral Reasoning

• Kohlberg (1976)
• Reasoning as opposed to behavior
• Moral dilemmas
• Measured nature and progression of moral
  reasoning
• 3 levels, each with 2 sublevels
• Preconventional
• Conventional
• Postconventional

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Figure 11.17 Kohlbergs stage theory
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Adolescence Physiological Changes

• Pubescence
• Puberty
• Secondary sex characteristics
• Primary sex characteristics
• Menarche
• Sperm production
• Maturation early vs. late
• Sex differences in effects of early maturation

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Figure 11.19 Physical development at puberty
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Adolescence Neural Changes

• Increasing myelinization
• Synaptic pruning
• Changes in prefrontal cortex

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The Search for Identity

• Erik Erikson (1968)
• Key challenge - forming a sense of identity
• James Marcia (1988)
• 4 identity statuses
• Foreclosure
• Moratorium
• Identity Diffusion
• Identity Achievement

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The Expanse of Adulthood

• Personality development
• Social development
• Career development
• Physical changes
• Cognitive changes