TAKS biology review

1
TAKS biology review
2
1. Many times the answers are in the question
itself

• Underline key words
• Ignore extra information that doesnt help

B
3
(No Transcript)
4
Reading graphs charts the answer is there!
total volume 2.3 kg
most precise balance that can hold 2.3 kg W
5
read question, evaluate graph, each statement
graph shows heart rate variation according to
temperature
well is ambiguous, not what graph shows
not what graph shows
graph shows doubling during temperature change
graph does not show mutation
6
has to do with water being stored not
lost DESERT
7
we organize the world by complexity tissues
are made of cells, etc.
Organisms Organ systems Organs Tissues Cells Organ
elles Molecules Atoms Protons, Neutrons, and
Electrons
Alive
Not Alive
8
Which is more complex, a bacteria or a frog?

• Complexity in biology is talking about number
  of organ systems, specialized tissues.
• Not about how hard it is to remember!!

the FROG is more complex (with more organ
systems) than a bacteria!
9
Cells cell theory

• Cell Theory states
• All living things are made of cells
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and
  function in organisms.
• All cells come from pre-existing cells.
• Cells contain organelles with specialized
  functions

10
Cell as a City label with names functions
11
General Cell Anatomy

• Cell as a City!

Cell wall made of cellulose
City wall protects
Membrane controls entry exit
Fence controls entry exit
City hall instruction center
Nucleus instruction center
City records instructions
DNA instructions
Factories hold machines to make stuff
Endoplasmic Reticulum hold ribosomes that make
protein
Ribosomes make proteins
Machines that make stuff
12
General Cell Anatomy

• Cell as a City!

Vacuole stores
Warehouse
Membrane controls entry exit
Lysosome Breaks down Recycles
Recycling Ctr Breaks down Recycles
Fence controls entry exit
Nucleus instruction center
City hall instruction center
DNA instructions
City records instructions
Chloroplasts solar
Endoplasmic Reticulum hold ribosomes that make
protein
Solar power plants
Factories hold machines to make stuff
Vessicle carrying
Truck carrying
Ribosomes make proteins
Machines that make stuff
Power plants make energy
Mitochondria make energy
Golgi package and ship proteins
Post office package and ship
13
Prokaryotic Cells

• Simple cellular organization with no nucleus or
  other membrane-bound organelles.
• Example Bacteria
• Diseases caused by bacteria Cholera, diphtheria,
  Dysentery, Tetanus, MRSA, Strep Throat, Tooth
  Decay.

14
Eukaryotic Cells

• Domain Eukarya
• Found in 4 kingdoms
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia (Cell Shown)

15
Ribosomes site of protein synthesis a.k.a.
translation
Ribosomes are Not membrane-bound Bacteria have
them Too!
16
What is unique to

• Animal Cells
• Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes.
• Centrioles used in cellular division.

• Plant Cells
• Chloroplast site of photosynthesis
• Cell Wall formed of proteins and cellulose and
  lies outside of the plasma membrane
• Vacuole huge storage compartment for water and
  starch

17
Questions for you to answer 1

• What is a difference between prokaryotes and
  eukaryotes?
• A. Eukaryotes have a nuclear membrane and
  therefore a nucleus.
• B. Organelles are found only in prokaryotes.
• C. The cells of prokaryotes only contain
  cytoplasm.
• D. Prokaryotes contain an endoplasmic
  reticulum.

18
Question 2
A disease not caused by bacteria A.
Tetanus B. Strep Throat C. Dysentery D. HIV
19
Question 3
Match the function to the organelle Ribosome A
. Packaging Mitochondria B. Lipid
Synthesis Smooth ER C. Protein
Synthesis Golgi Apparatus D. Cellular
Respiration
20
Membrane Structure Phospholipid Bilayer
21
InNOut No energy required

• Passive Transport relies on thermal energy of
  matter and the cell does not work (No energy
  ATP used High Concentration to Low
  Concentration). Four types
• Diffusion (usually solutes)
• Facilitated Diffusion membrane enzyme carries
  the substance
• Osmosis diffusion of WATER across a
  semi-permeable membrane (usually solvent due to
  solute concentration)
• Bulk flow movement of fluids affected by
  pressure.

22
ACTIVE transport uses ATP (energy)!

• endo cytosis
• (to inside)
• exo cytosis
• (to outside)

23
Active Transport uses ATP to move stuff through
channels....
sodium potassium PUMP
24
Question 5
Which of the following is an example of
osmosis? A. The movement of ions from an area
of high concentration to an area of lower
concentration. B. The movement of ions from an
area of low concentration to an area of higher
concentration. C. The movement of water from an
area of high concentration to an area of lower
concentration. D. The movement of water from an
area of low concentration to an area of higher
concentration.
25
Photosynthesis
Water and nutrients(via the roots)
Sugar(to rest of the plant)
Carbon dioxide gas(through stomata)
26
Photosynthesis Equationfollow the money, I
mean carbon
27
Photosynthesis First Stage
Light Dependent Reactions The captured light
energy is transferred to electrons that come from
H2O and O2 is the byproduct. ATP is produced
28
Second Stage of Photosynthesis
Light Independent Reactions Energized electrons
are transferred to CO2 to form glucose in the
Calvin-Benson Cycle. Autotrophs use the energy
from the sun to make organic compounds and are
the basis of all terrestrial and most aquatic
food chains.
29
Cellular Respiration

• Cells use OXYGEN to break down SUGAR
• to make

ATP
30
Cellular Respiration
Highly energized electrons stored temporarily in
glucose are removed (oxidation reactions) in a
stepwise fashion to maximize energy captured at
each step (and avoid blowing things up). All
organisms must use energy and the energy is in
the form of ATP.
31
ATP

• like a chemical battery
• it can store energy
• it can release energy when last P- bond is broken

32
Mitochondrion
6CO2 12H2O
C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O
33
Idea Respiration
glucose
glycolysis
Kreb's cycle
co2

Electron Transport Chain

34 ATP
Oxygen
34
What if theres not enough oxygen?

• is there another way to make ATP?
• Glycolysis then....
• Fermentation!

35
Lactic Acid Fermentation
regenerates NAD
step 2 fermentation
lactic acid
enzyme
Pyruvate
NAD
NADH2
36
Alcohol Fermentation
regenerates NAD
step 2 fermentation
alcohol CO2
enzyme
Pyruvate
NAD
NADH2
37
Relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration
38
Question 7
What two products of photosynthesis are reactants
in cellular respiration? A. Glucose and
oxygen B. Glucose and water C. Oxygen and
carbon dioxide D. Sunlight and oxygen
39
Question 9
Which stage of cellular respiration occurs in all
organisms under anaerobic conditions? A.
Glycolysis B. Krebs Cycle C. Electron
Transport Chain D. Calvin Cycle
40
Question 10
What organelles are the locations of the
processes of photosynthesis and cellular
respiration? A. Chloroplast and Ribosomes B.
Chloroplast and Golgi Apparatus C. Chloroplast
and Endoplasmic Reticulum D. Chloroplast and
Mitochondria
41
nucleic acids

• Structural differences between DNA and RNA
  include

42
DNA
43
(No Transcript)
44
DNA Replication(Semiconservative)

• allows cells to pass genetic information on to
  offspring.
• Errors in the process results in mutations.
• Remember A T and G C.

The letter C fits into The letter G like
they are cuddling.
Mnemonic
45
Question 11
The functional unit of both DNA and RNA is the
nucleotide. What comprises the nucleotide? A.
Sugar, Protein, and a Base B. Sugar, Phosphate,
and a Base C. Sugar, Protein, and a Ribosome D.
Sugar, Phosphate, and a Ribosome
46
Question 12
Which sequence of bases will pair with the base
sequence CTAGGATTC in a DNA molecule? A.
GATCCTAAG B. ATGTTGCCA C. CTAGGATTC D.
GAATCCTAG
47
Protein Synthesis 2 steps
Transcription nucleus DNA ? mRNA Translation
cytoplasm mRNA ? rRNA ? tRNA ? protein
DNA mRNA protein trait
48
GENE to PROTEIN RELATIONSHIP 3 bases a codon
an amino acid
49
Transcription occurs in the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells. DNA nucleotide sequence ?
mRNA

• Steps
• Messenger (m)RNA is copied from DNA, by unzipping
  a portion of the DNA helix that corresponds to a
  gene using RNA polymerase.
• Only one side of the DNA will be transcribed, and
  nucleotides with the proper bases (A with U and C
  with G) will be sequenced to build mRNA.
• mRNA leaves the nucleus.

50
Translation occurs in the cytoplasm with
ribosomes forming proteinsmRNA rRNA tRNA
amino acids proteins

• Steps
• mRNA attached to a ribosome
• tRNA molecules pick up an amino acid and carry
  them to the ribosome.
• tRNA anticodon and the mRNA codon join together
• As the amino acid chain lengthens enzymes form
  peptide bonds between amino acids.
• The tRNA exit to locate a new amino acid and this
  process continues until the stop codon is reached.

51
Question 15
DNA ? RNA ? Protein ( trait) In the
diagram above, what is the function of RNA? A.
Carry the set of instructions that replicates
another DNA molecule in the protein chain. B.
Carry the set of instructions that places amino
acids in the protein chain in the correct
order. C. Carry the set of instructions that
places phosphate molecules in the protein
chain. D. Carry the set of instructions that
bonds hydrogen to the protein chain
52
Question 16
What is the process in which mRNA is coded from
the DNA and in what part of an eukaryotic cell
does it occur? A. Transcription, Nucleus B.
Transcription, Cytoplasm C. Translation,
Nucleus D. Translation, Cytoplasm
53
Question 18
The DNA sequence, GATTACACG, would code which of
the following mRNA sequence? A. CTAATGTGC B.
CTUUTGTGC C. CATATGTGC D. CUAAUGUGC
54
Question 19
What process is being shown in the diagram to the
left? A. Transcription B. Translation C.
Replication D. Selection
55
Mutations
Any random, permanent change in the DNA molecule.
Many are harmful, some have no effect, and some
benefit the organism. Nature selects those
mutations that are beneficial or adaptive in
organisms to help shape the course of evolution.
DNA sequence GCATACCA Types of
mutations Deletion lost base ?
GCTACCA Duplication extra copies ?
GCATCATACCA Inversion backwards ? CGATACCA
56
Cladistics homologyHomology means
similarities

• deciding how closely things are related
  cladistics

comparative anatomy
comparative embryology
57
Taxonomy naming things according to cladistics
old ways 5 Kingdom vs 6 Kingdom
older
5 Kingdoms Monera (prokaryotic), Protista
(eukaryotic), Fungi (eukaryotic), Plantae
(eukaryotic), Animalia (eukaryotic) 6Kingdoms
Eubacteria (prokaryotic), Archaebacteria
(prokaryotic), Protista (eukaryotic), Fungi
(eukaryotic), Plantae (eukaryotic), Animalia
(eukaryotic) Cell Wall Present (Chitin in Fungi
and Cellulose in Plantae) What is the difference
Monera has been split into the Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria. What no Viruses?
old
58
New taxonomy 3 domainsbased on cell type
59
Eukaryotic Domain

• Protists
• Fungi
• Plants
• Animals

60
Animals invertebrates

• Porifera (sponges)
• Cnidaria (stingers)
• Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
• Nematoda (roundworms)
• Annelida (earthworms leeches)
• Arthropoda (joined legs)
• Mollusca (snails, octopus)
• Echidnoderms (starfish)

61
Animals chordates do have a spinal cord

• Fish (bony cartilage skeletons)
• cartilage sharks rays GILLS for
  respiratory system
• Amphibian
• lungs skin for respiratory system
• Reptiles
• can live in dry environment
• Birds (Aves)
• have 4 chambered heart
• Mammals
• 4 chambered heart, feed young milk, give birth
  to live young

62
VIRUSES
63
Viruses

• Viruses are either a segment of DNA or RNA with a
  protein coat and are acellular. (Does not meet
  the life processes it is not alive no cells)
• Infection pattern of viruses is either lytic or
  lysogenic. Lysogenic pattern has a dormancy
  stage.
• Vaccinations is the most effective defense
  against viral infections. Antibiotics CANNOT
  treat viral infections.
• Viral Diseases AIDS, Chickenpox, Common Cold,
  Hepatitis, Flu, Measles, Mumps, Polio, Rabies,
  Smallpox, Warts, Avian Flu, and West Nile Virus.
• Viruses that infect bacteria are Bacteriophage.

64
Virus Life Cycle
Lytic viruses are like Terrorists they Destroy
the cell as They replicate by the Thousands and
leave.
Lysogenic viruses Are like sleeper cells They
hang out and Replicate invisibly
65
Do vaccines work on viruses?

• Vaccines are a piece of protein from the virus
  coat, or a weaker or
• empty virus, in a shot that the doctor gives
  you.

• The bits train your immune system to recognize
  and attack when they see that protein or virus.

• But some viruses change proteins too quickly for
  us to keep up like colds, and HIV

66
Question 21
How are viruses different from living
organisms? A. Viruses have no DNA or RNA. B.
Viruses use host cells to reproduce. C. Viruses
contain no proteins. D. Viruses can be killed
by antibiotics.
67
Ecology

• Autotrophs or producers are organisms that
  capture sunlight or other organic molecules to
  form an organic molecules. Photosynthesis.
  Examples plants, algae, and bacteria
• Heterotrophs or consumers are organisms that rely
  on other organisms for their energy(food).
  Examples Fungi, bacteria, animals.

68
Heterotrophs Relationship

• Herbivore Animals that eat only plants (Cows)
• Carnivore Animals that eat only other animals
  (Lions)
• Omnivore Animals that eat both plants and
  animals (Humans, Wolves, Bears)
• Detritivores obtain energy from dead organisms
  and organic waste. (Earthworms and fungi)
• Decomposers are detritivores that cause decay.
  (Bacteria and fungi)

69
Trophic Pyramid energy levels
70
Food Web
71
Food web questions the answer is usually in the
food web itself.
Mice eat both plants (grass, grain, berries) and
meat (grasshoppers)
72
the details give you the answer!
73
Energy and Matter in the Ecosystem

• Matter is recycled through the ecosystem, where
  energy is lost between the trophic levels.
• Food Chain shows direct relationships
• Plants?Grasshopper?Blue Jay
• Producer ?Primary Consumer? Secondary Consumer
  (3 trophic levels)
• Food Web interrelationships within an ecosystem
  between producers, consumers, and decomposers.

90 of energy is lost between each trophic level!
74
Symbiosis Relatioships

• Symbiosis is a close relationship between two
  organisms that are different species.
• Commensalism one organism benefits and the
  other does not benefit nor is harmed. ExClown
  Fish and Sea Anemone (Finding Nemo)
• Mutualism both species benefit. Ex Lichens
  (which are fungi and algae)
• Parasitism one organism lives directly on other
  organism. Ex Tapeworm and Humans
• Predation one organism captures and eating
  another. Ex Gazelle and Lion

75
Biogeochemical Cycles

• Water Cycle Evaporation and Transpiration,
  Condensation, Precipitation, and Runoff
• Carbon Cycle Photosynthesis/Cell Respiration
• Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen fixation,
  Nitrification, Assimilation, and Denitrification

76
Human Systems
77
Integumentary System

• Structures Skin, Hair, and Nails
• Function Protects the body from injury, defense
  against pathogens, regulate body temperature, and
  prevents the body from drying out.

78
Skeletal System

• Structures Bones, joints
• Function Provide protection to internal organs
  and work with muscles for movement.
• Tendons attach muscles to bone. Ligaments
  connect bone to bone and limit the movement of
  bones.
• Joints include Ball and socket(hip), pivot(neck),
  hinge(fingers), gliding(wrist), and saddle(thumb
  only).

79
Circulatory System

• Structures Heart, Blood, and Blood Vessels.
• Heart 4 chambers, atrium(2) receives blood and
  ventricles(2) pump blood
• Blood composed of red blood cells, white blood
  cells, platelets
• Blood Vessels arteries, veins, and capillaries
• Function connects all organs in the body and
  transports material throughout the body.
• Pulmonary Heart to Lungs Systemic Heart to
  Body

80
The Heart 4 Chambers high efficiency

• Atria
• Entrance

• Ventricle
• Exit Chamber
• Power Pumper

V
V
81
Respiratory System

• Structures Diaphragm, Lungs, Pharynx, Trachea,
  Bronchi, and Alveoli
• Function Works with the circulatory system to
  transport oxygen to the cells of the body for
  cellular respiration and the removal of carbon
  dioxide.
• Pathway of air Pharynx ?Larynx ?Trachea?Bronchi?
  Bronchioles? Alveoli
• Exchange occurs between the alveoli and
  capillaries

82
Destination Lungs!!

• Its all about surface area!
• Your lungs have enough surface area to cover a
  tennis court!

83
Digestive System

• Structures and Pathway Mouth, Esophagus,
  Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines, and
  Rectum. Accessory Organs Liver, Pancreas, and
  Salivary Glands.
• Function To break down large organic molecules
  in food to usable smaller molecules.
• Steps Ingestion ? Digestion ? Absorption ?
  Elimination

84
Excretory System

• Structure Kidney, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra
• Function The removal (excretion) of water
  soluble NITROGENOUS waste in blood from chemical
  activities in cells including ammonia from
  metabolism of proteins.
• Two Steps Filtration and Reabsorption

85
Nervous System

• Structures Neurons, brain, and spinal cord.
• Function Controls and coordinates functions
  throughout the body. Uses both chemical and
  electrical signals.
• Electrical impulse travels Dendrite?Cell Body
  ?Axon (neurotransmitter) ? Dendrite
• Neurotransmitters are chemical/protein messengers
• Central Nervous System Brain and Spinal Cord
• Peripheral Nervous System - Nerves

86
Immune System

• Function To protect the body from disease
  causing agents (pathogens).
• Nonspecific defenses Skin, Inflammatory
  response, histamine, tears, and increase in
  temperature.
• White Blood Cells 3 types Neutrophils,
  Macrophages, and Killer T Cells

87
Endocrine System

• Structure Glands and Hormones
• Function Regulate the activity of the body using
  hormones.
• Endocrine glands produce hormones and are secrete
  directly into the blood or fluid around cells.
• Gland and Hormone pairs
• Adrenaladrenaline, Ovaries-estrogen,
  Pancreasinsulin, and Testestesterone

88
Reproductive System

• Function Reproduction of offspring
• Male Reproductive System Testes produces sperm
  (haploid cell 23 chromosomes)
• Female Reproductive System Ovaries produce ova
  (haploid cell 23 chromosomes), fallopian tube
  (fertilization occurs) and uterus (embryo
  development).

89
Basic Organs of Plants

• Roots Anchorage and Absorption
• Stems Supports leaves
• Leaves Photosynthesis
• Flowers Reproduction ( found only in
  Angiosperms)

90
Nonvascular Plants

• Nonvascular plants lack roots, stems, and leaves.
• Examples Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts

91
Vascular Plants

• Vascular tissues are xylem and phloem. (much like
  our vessels in our bodies) Xylem transports
  water and minerals from the roots to the leaves
  for photosynthesis. Phloem transports sap (sugar
  and water) from the leaves to other areas of the
  plants.
• Vascular Plants include Gymnosperms (pine trees)
  and Angiosperms (flowering plants).

92
(No Transcript)