The Scientific Revolution was founded on the idea of acquiring knowledge through skepticism, experim

1
Chapter 14

• The Scientific Revolution was founded on the idea
  of acquiring knowledge through skepticism,
  experimentation, and reasoning based on observed
  facts.

2
Questioning Truth and Authority

• The Old View
• The Earth-Centered Universe
• The earth rested at the center of an unchanging
  universe.
• Undermining the Old View
• Hermetic Doctrine
• All matter contained the divine spirit, which
  humans ought to seek to understand.
• It held that the sun was the most important
  agency for transmission of the divine spirit, and
  occupied the center of the universe.

3
Questioning Truth and Authority

• Exploration
• Geographic exploration during the Renaissance
  upset traditional assumptions
• Overseas voyages stimulated demand for new
  instruments, precise measurements for navigation,
  and encouraged research, especially in astronomy
  and mathematics.
• The Printing Press
• The printing press enabled even out-of-favor
  scholars to publish their findings, which spread
  new ideas and discoveries.

4
Chapter 14

• European scientists uncovered new information
  about the world around them and different ways of
  looking at the universe, and embarked on a search
  for knowledge without limits.

5
Developing a modern Scientific View

• Astronomy and Physics From Copernicus to Newton
• Nicolaus Copernicus
• A polish clergyman he crossed the Alps to study
  in an Italian university.
• He sought a simpler mathematical formulation to
  explain how the universe operated.
• He believed that at the center is the sun,
  circled by the earth and other planets.
• Tycho Brahe
• He persuaded the king of Denmark to build for him
  the most advanced astronomy laboratory in Europe.

6
Developing a modern Scientific View

• Tycho Brahe (cont.)
• He recorded thousands of unusually accurate,
  detailed observations abouth the planets and
  stars over a period of 20 years all without a
  telescope.
• Johannes Kepler
• Believed in an underlying mathematical harmony of
  mystical significance to the physical universe.
• He founded the three laws of planetary motion.
• Galileo Galilei
• He formulated the principle of inertia, showing
  that bodies, once set into motion, will tend to
  stay in motion.

7
Developing a modern Scientific View

• Isaac Newton
• He developed calculus and investigated the nature
  of light.
• Newtons Principia
• He formulated and mathematically described three
  laws of motion inertia, acceleration, and
  action/reaction.
• The law of universal attraction, or gravitation

8
Developing a modern Scientific View

• The Revolution Spreads Medicine, Anatomy, and
  Chemistry
• Paracelsus
• A teacher and wandering practitioner, he treated
  patients, experimented with chemicals, recorded
  his observations, and developed new theories.
• He encouraged research and experimentation to
  find natural remedies for bodily disorders.
• Andreas Vesalius
• Wrote the first comprehensive textbook on the
  structure of the human body.
• He dissected cadavers and became the personal
  physician to Emperor Charles V.

9
Developing a modern Scientific View

• William Harvey
• He dissected hundreds of animals, and discovered
  that the human heart worked like a pump, with
  valves that allowed blood to circulate through
  the body.
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
• The chief pioneer in the use of the microscope
• Robert Boyle
• He argued that all matter was composed of
  indestructible atoms that behaved in predictable
  ways.
• The Methodology of Science Emerges

10
Developing a modern Scientific View

• Francis Bacon
• He believed that science would benefit commerce
  and industry and improve the human condition by
  giving people unprecedented power over their
  environment.
• Rene Descartes
• In 1637, he published his philosophy and
  scientific methodology in the Discourse on
  Method.
• He questioned all forms of authority
• I think, therefore I am

11
Chapter 14

• Scientists relied upon interaction with
  colleagues and the support of patrons to build
  upon and spread the ideas the ideas of the
  Scientific Revolution.

12
Supporting and Spreading Science

• Courts and Salons
• The Rise of Royal Societies
• Religion and the New Science
• The New Worldview
• The Copernican-Newtonian Paradigm
• The earth, along with the planets, moved around
  the sun in an infinite universe of other similar
  bodies.
• The natural order consisted of matter in motion,
  acting according to mathematically expressible
  laws.
• Scientific truths came from observing, measuring,
  experimenting, and making reasoned conclusions
  through the use of sophisticated mathematics.

13
Chapter 14

• As Europeans applied these scientific ideas about
  the acquisition of knowledge to other
  disciplines, a new way of thinking that
  emphasized reason emerged and characterized the
  cultural movement known as the Enlightenment.

14
Laying the Foundations for the Enlightenment

• Science Popularized
• Teaching Science
• In 1761, scientific ideas were being taught to
  children of the middle and upper classes.
• Glorifying Newton Reason and Nature
• Enlightenment thinkers saw this brilliant
  Englishman as the great synthesizer of the
  scientific revolution
• The Psychology of John Locke
• Applied scientific thinking to human psychology
• Pictured the human brain at birth as a blank
  sheet of paper that sensory perception and reason
  filled as a person aged.

15
Laying the Foundations for the Enlightenment

• Skepticism and Religion
• Pierre Bayle
• The leading proponent of skepticism in the late
  seventeenth century
• David Hume
• He insisted that nothing could be known for sure.
• Reality consisted only of human perceptions

16
Laying the Foundations for the Enlightenment

• Broadening Criticism of Authority and Tradition
• Travel Writings of Montesquieu and Voltaire
• Used comparisons of place and time to criticize
  authority and tradition during the early decades
  of the eighteenth century
• History and Progress
• The tools of science and reason enabled people to
  surpass their historical predecessors.
• History became a story of human progress, and
  people living in the eighteenth century stood on
  the brink of unprecedented historical
  achievements.

17
Chapter 14

• Using nature as a guide for thought and society,
  Enlightenment thinkers came into conflict with
  established ideas, religions, and institutions,
  and suggested avenues of reform.

18
The Enlightenment in Full Stride

• The Philosophes
• Voltaire
• Imprisoned in the Bastille for writing verses
  that criticized the crown
• Emilie du Chatelet
• Voltaire lived openly with Chatelet and her
  husband.
• Chatelet helped Voltaire gain a better
  understanding of the sciences and their
  significance.
• The Encyclopedia
• Battling the Church

19
The Enlightenment in Full Stride

• Deism
• An impersonal, infinite Divine Being created the
  universe but did not interfere with the world of
  human affairs
• Reforming Society
• Political Thought Montesquieu and Rousseau
• Montesquieu argued that political institutions
  should conform to the climate, customs, beliefs,
  and economy of a particular country.
• Rousseau argued that people in the primitive
  state of noble savagery were free, equal, and
  relatively happy.
• Economic Ideas The Physiocrats and Adam Smith
• Economics had its own set of natural laws
  supply and demand

20
The Enlightenment in Full Stride

• Criminology, Penology, and Slavery
• Beccaria thought criminal law should strive to
  deter crime and rehabilitate criminals rather
  than merely punish wrongdoers
• Abbe Guillaume Raynal argued practices of
  European and American colonists were irrational
  and inhumane
• Education
• Many Enlightenment thinkers based their ideas on
  the psychological ideas of John Locke, which
  emphasized the power of education to mold the
  child into the adult.
• The Woman Question
• Questioned the inequality of mens and womens
  roles

21
The Enlightenment in Full Stride

• The Culture and Spread of the Enlightenment
• Salon Meetings
• Meetings were hosted by wealth Parisian patrons,
  usually women of the aristocracy or upper-middle
  class
• They gathered regularly to read, listen to, and
  debate the ideas of the Enlightenment
• Bookstores
• Bookstores became hotbeds of Enlightenment ideas