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Historical Roots of Education in the United States

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Title: Historical Roots of Education in the United States


1
Historical Roots of Education in the United States
ED 1010
2
The Colonial Period (1607-1775)
  • Historical, geographical, and demographic
    differences in the 13 original colonies led to
    different approaches to education.
  • Religion played a major role in colonial life and
    also strongly influenced schooling.
  • European educational thinkers emphasized more
    humane and child-centered educational practices.

3
European Beliefs
  • U.S. practices evolved from European ideas that
    were developed over the centuries.
  • Greeks idea that knowledge could be divided
    into individual subject areas.
  • Athenians Wanted education for its adult
    citizens who could then more fully participate in
    democratic decision making.
  • Reformation Church leaders felt the bible held
    all wisdom, thus all should be taught to read so
    all Christians could have access to these truths.

4
The New England Colonies
  • Saw the Church of England as the religious arm of
    the government.
  • Puritans - Religion/Bible dominated
  • Local Control of education, but no separation of
    church and state.
  • 1642 General Court of Massachusetts Law
  • Required that children attend school. First
    attempt to make education compulsory
  • 1647 Old Deluder Satan Act
  • Required every town of 50 families to hire a
    teacher of reading or writing. Established
    public responsibility for education.
  • Schools controlled by religious leaders
  • Dame schools (primary) often in homes teach
    reading before age 8
  • Blab Schools no books, just lecture and
    recitation

5
Middle Colonies
  • Made of more diverse group of emigrants. Came
    from different parts of England than the
    Puritans.
  • Parochial schools started to address the needs
    and wants to the various populations
  • Quaker Schools taught to a diverse group of
    learners (Native Americans, African Americans and
    others)
  • Franklin Academy offered students a choice in
    their course of study free of all religious ties
    (traditional subjects including navigation, math,
    surveying, bookkeeping). Real world classes
  • Secondary level education had a place

6
The Southern Colonies
  • Difficult for many of the children to attend
    school because of few towns and great distances
    between landowners.
  • Education was left to the wealthy landowners
  • Traveling tutors or tutors on plantations
  • Many sent sons to England to be educated in
    English schools or boarding schools in the larger
    cities.
  • Education for slaves was nonexistent educating
    a slave could be a felony before the civil war.

7
First Amendment
  • Congress shall make no law respecting an
    establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
    free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom
    of speech, or of the press or of the people
    peaceably to assemble, and to petition the
    Government for a redress of grievances.

Establishment Clause
8
Current Religious Controversies from the Colonial
Period
  • Should prayer be allowed in schools?
  • Should federal money be used to provide
    instruction in religious schools?
  • What role should religion play in character and
    sex education?

Other discussion questions 1. How did the
diversity of the original colonies shape the
educational system in the United States? 2.
What role did religion play in colonial schools?
What are the implications of this role for
contemporary schools?
9
Early National Period (1775-1820)
  • Established a major educational role for states
    (Tenth Amendment to Constitution)
  • Also established the idea that the federal
    government should use education to improve
    peoples lives and help the nation grow

10
Tenth Amendment
  • The powers not delegated to the United States by
    the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the
    States, are reserved to the States respectively,
    or to the people.

Why is this so important and still discussed
today?
11
  • Land Ordinance 1785 Northwest Ordinance
    Thirty-six sections in a township Section
    (block) no. 16 was the center of the township and
    designated as a site for a school.
  • Few educational interventions were introduced.
    Unskilled workers were needed for growing
    industries including farming.

12
Common School Movement (1820-1865)
  • Horace Mann, Massachusetts lawyer and legislator,
    believed in having taxpayers help finance public
    education. Wanted a public school for all
    including education for women, felt women were
    better suited to teach the young. In 1839, first
    Normal School set up to prepare people for
    careers as teachers. Established the trend of
    education available to all, NOT just the rich
  • Taxes used to support public schools
  • State education departments created to coordinate
    statewide efforts
  • Curriculum standardized and schools organized by
    grade levels (versus one-room schools)
  • Teacher preparation improved

13
List of Rules for a Teacher in 1872
  • Teachers each day will fill lamps, clean
    chimneys.
  • Each teacher will bring a bucket of water and a
    scuttle of coal for the days session.
  • Make your pens carefully. You may whittle nibs to
    the individual taste of the pupils.
  • Men teachers may take one evening each week for
    courting purposes, or two evenings a week if they
    go to church.
  • After ten hours in school, the teachers may spend
    the remaining time reading the Bible or other
    good books.
  • Women teachers who marry or engage in unseemly
    conduct will be dismissed.
  • Every good teacher should lay aside from each pay
    a goodly sum of his earnings for his benefit
    during his declining years so that he will not be
    a burden on society.
  • Any teacher who smokes, uses liquor in any form,
    frequents pool or public halls, or gets shaved in
    a barber shop will give good reason to suspect
    his worth, intention, integrity, and honesty.
  • The teacher who performs his labor faithfully and
    without fault for five years will be given an
    increase of twenty-five cents per week in his
    pay, providing the Board of Education approves.

14
CIVIL WAR TO 1900
  • Unparalleled industrial growth
  • Technological innovations need skilled workers
    interest in vocational education.
  • Huge numbers of immigrants enter Schools eager
    to Americanize new students.
  • Kalamazoo Case ruled the state legislature had
    the right to levy taxes to support both
    elementary secondary schools.
  • Organizational activity among teachers increased.

15
1900 to World War II
  • John Dewey A philosopher founded the
    laboratory school at the University of Chicago.
  • Believed that for democracy to work, citizens had
    to be educated to understand and share in the
    duties and responsibilities of society.
  • Believed learners needed to master the Scientific
    Problem Solving method
  • Recognized individual differences among children
  • The first junior high school established in
    Berkeley, Cal. In 1909. Developed a format of
    6-3-3.

16
List of rules for a teacher in 1915
  • You will not marry during the term of your
    contract. You are not to keep company with men.
  • You must be home between the hours of 8 p.m. and
    6 a.m. unless attending a school function.
  • You may not loiter downtown in any ice cream
    stores.
  • You may not travel beyond the city limits unless
    you have permission of the chairmen of the board.
  • You may not smoke cigarettes.
  • You may not under any circumstances dye your
    hair.
  • You may not dress in bright colors.
  • You may not ride in a carriage or automobile with
    any man unless he be your father or brother.
  • You must wear at least two petticoats.
  • Your dresses must not be any shorter than 2
    inches above the ankles.

Apps, J. (1996). One-Room Country Schools
History and Recollections from Wisconsin. U.S.
Palmer Publications
17
The Evolution of the American High School
  • The comprehensive high school attempts to meet
    the needs of all students.
  • Latin grammar school (1635) was designed to help
    boys prepare for the ministry or law.
  • Academy (1751) focused on practical subjects such
    as math, navigation, and bookkeeping open to
    boys and girls.
  • English classical school (1821) was a free
    secondary school for students not planning to
    attend college.

18
Junior High and Middle School
  • Junior high schools, popular in the early and
    mid-1900s, were miniature versions of high
    schools with emphasis on individual academic
    subjects.
  • Middle schools, popular from the 1970s, attempted
    to address adolescents developmental needs.
  • Currently, some districts, dissatisfied with both
    junior highs and middle schools, are
    experimenting with K8 schools.

19
The Education of Native Americans
  • Mission schools in the 1700s and 1800s, run by
    religious groups, were the first educational
    attempt to assimilate Native Americans.
  • Federally funded and run boarding schools
    attempted to Americanize Native American
    students.
  • Currently, most (91) of Native American students
    attend public schools, but problems persist
  • Underachievement
  • High dropout rates
  • Low rates of college attendance

20
Education of African Americans
  • Before the Civil War, educational participation
    and literacy rates were abysmally low.
  • Literacy rates increased dramatically after the
    Civil War, but education efforts were plagued by
    substandard funding and resources.
  • Booker T. Washington, who endorsed separate but
    equal, clashed with W.E.B. Dubois, who advocated
    integration and social activism.
  • A separate but equal policy (Plessy v.
    Ferguson, 1896) was supported by federal courts
    until 1954 (Brown v. Board of Education of
    Topeka).

21
Education of Hispanic Americans
  • Education of Hispanic Americans began in the
    Southwest with Catholic mission schools.
  • Early emphasis on Hispanic American education was
    on assimilation.
  • Language has been a major controversial issue in
    the education of Hispanic Americans.

22
Education of Asian Americans
  • Asian Americans experienced discrimination, both
    in schools and society at large.
  • Asian Americans are a diverse group of students
    from many different countries and cultures.
  • In general, Asian American students do well in
    school, excelling in achievement.

23
  • New Society Game
  • Video The Reunion

24
The Modern Era Schools as Instruments for
National Purpose and Social Change
  • The Cold War with the Soviet Union during the
    1950s and 1960s focused federal educational
    efforts on math and science.
  • President Lyndon B. Johnsons War on Poverty
    attempted to use schools to eliminate the
    pervasive poverty in the U.S.
  • Compensatory education programs like Title I and
    Head Start attempted to provide enriched
    experiences to the children of poverty.

25
The Federal Governments Role in Pursuing
Equality
  • The Civil Rights movement, culminating in the
    Civil Rights Act of 1964, attempted to eliminate
    discrimination based on race, color, or national
    origin.
  • Title IX, passed in 1972, attempted to eliminate
    gender bias in schools.
  • Segregation, especially in large urban districts,
    continues to be a persistent problem.
  • Magnet schools are designed to attract and
    integrate students from diverse social and
    cultural backgrounds.

26
Federal Government Reform
  • Federal attempts to reform schools
  • Setting standards
  • Creating testing programs
  • Offering (or withholding) financial incentives
  • Major issues with federal reform efforts
  • Federal versus state and local control of
    educational standards
  • State versus federal control of testing programs
  • Incentive programs that increase the influence of
    the federal government on education
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