ALA Approach and Landing Aids Capt. Ed Coleman ALA OVERVIEW

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ALA Approach and Landing Aids

• Capt. Ed Coleman

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ALA OVERVIEW
ALA 1 Approach and Runway Lighting ALA 2
Aerodrome Surface Markings and Surface
Maneuvering Guidance Control System (SMGCS) ALA
3 Navigation Aids ALA 4 ILS Navigation ALA 5
GPS Basics ALA 6 GPS Advanced
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APPROACH LANDING AIDS 1

• Approach and Runway Lighting

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ALA 1 OVERVIEW

• Approach Terminology
• Runway Lighting
• Advantages of Approach Lighting
• Approach Lighting Types
• Test !!!
• Visual Glide Slope Indicator Systems

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APPROACH TERMINOLOGY
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MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE
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MDA
A specified altitude referenced to sea level for
a non-precision approach, below which descent
SHALL not be made until the required visual
reference to continue the approach to land has
been established. GPH 204B Page 84
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DECISION HEIGHT
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DH (Precision Approach)
An altitude specified in feet above mean sea
level, at which a missed approach MUST be
initiated if the required visual reference to
continue the approach to land has not been
established, or the aircraft is not in a position
to execute a normal landing. GPH 204B Page 44
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REQUIRED VISUAL REFERENCE
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REQUIRED VISUAL REFERENCE
The section of the approach area of the runway,
or the visual aids that, when viewed by the
pilot, enable him to make an assessment of the
aircrafts position and rate of change of
position relative to the aircrafts nominal
flight path. GPH 204B Page 106 107
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REQUIRED VISUAL REFERENCE
Only those items under the control of the airport
authority should be used. This will ensure that
unservicabilities are reported to the crew via
NOTAM or ATIS. Suitable runway visual reference
items include A-GA-148, 3602(4)
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REQUIRED VISUAL REFERENCE

• Runway or runway markings.
• Threshold or threshold markings.
• Touchdown zone or touchdown zone markings.
• Approach lights.
• Approach slope indicator system.

• Runway identification lights.
• Threshold and runway end lights.
• Touchdown zone lights.
• Parallel runway edge lights.
• Runway center line lights.
• A-GA-148, 3602(4)

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RUNWAY LIGHTING
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MINIMUM NIGHT LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS (Canada)

• On each side of the runway a line of fixed white
  lights that is visible in all directions from an
  aircraft in flight at a distance of not less than
  two nautical miles.
• Red lights marking U/S areas.
• CAR 301.07 (1)

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Scenario

• Thunder bay to Winnipeg night flight
• Emergency diversion to nearest airport
• International Falls Minnesota
• Weather
• 06Z 500 OVC 1 SN 300/10 0/-3 30.03
• APROACH BRIEF.

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• Weather
• 06Z 500 OVC 1 SN 300/10 0/-3 30.03

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• Pilot Controlled Lighting

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GPH200 ARCAL Identification
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ARCAL TYPE J

• Key mike 5 times

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ARCAL TYPE K

• Key mike 7 times

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ARCAL

• Rule of thumb
• Key mike 7 times

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ADVANTAGES ofApproach Lighting
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A Fokker F50 on approachin Amsterdam RVR 500
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REACTION TIME
DH - 200 10 seconds to flare. DH - 100
3 seconds to flare. Based on 2.5 degree
GP, 140 knots, TCH 50.
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LIGHTING PROVIDES

• Runway Outline
• Line-up Reference
• Roll Reference
• Attitude Reference
• Distance Reference
• Flare Guidance
• Landing Rollout and Taxi Guidance

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APPROACH LIGHTING
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APPROACH AND RUNWAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS

• Non-instrument Runway
• Non-precision Runway
• High Intensity Precision CAT 1
• Precision CAT II
• DND Lighting

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NON-INSTRUMENT RUNWAY Night Runways

• White runway edge lights visible for at least 2
  miles to mark takeoff and landing areas.
• Runway threshold end lights green and red

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NON-PRECISION RUNWAYLow Intensity (AA, AD or AJ)

• White runway edge lights.
• Low intensity yellow approach lights.
• Center line or left.
• 2400 to 3000 long.
• AJ has 1000 cross bar.
• Green threshold bars

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HIGH INTENSITY PRECISION CAT 1(AE)

• Variable high intensity white.
• Centerline barretts of 5 lights each - 100
  intervals from 300 to 3000.
• 1000 cross bar.
• Red termination bar at 200 to go.
• Red contrast bars at 100 to go.
• Green threshold bar.

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PRECISION CAT II(AC or AL)

• Variable high intensity white.
• 3000 long with 100 spacing starting at the
  threshold.
• 1000 and 500 cross bars.
• Red side barretts from 1000 cross bar in.
• Green threshold bar.

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CAT II RUNWAY LIGHTING

• Touchdown zone lighting - variable intensity
  white - first 3000 either side of centerline at
  100 spacing.
• Centerline lighting - variable intensity white
  changing to alternating red/white from 3000 to
  1000 to go, then all red the last 1000.

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DND MODIFIED CALVERT (AF)

• Variable high intensity white.
• 3000 long with cross bars at 500 spacing.
• Cross bars go from 175 to 25 wide.
• Threshold outline in green. Double row on left.
• May have SF.

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HIGH INTENSITYLIGHT LEVELS

• Level 1 0.2
• Level 2 1
• Level 3 5
• Level 4 25
• Level 5 100

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LIGHTING TEST
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AF Modified Calvert
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AC Cat II
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AE
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QUESTIONS ?
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VISUAL GLIDE SLOPEINDICATOR SYSTEMS
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VISUAL GLIDE SLOPEINDICATOR SYSTEMS

• VASI Visual Approach Slope Indicator
• PAPI Precession Approach Path Indicator
• PLASI Pulsed Light Approach Slope Ind.
• FLOLS - Fresnel Lens Optical Landing Sys.

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Do you have to follow the VASI?
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Do you have to follow the VASI?

• In the US and some other countries, with an
  operating control tower, you must stay on or
  above the VASI glidepath (FAR 91.129(e)(3)

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VASIS Deficiencies

• Refraction due to rain
• Range reduced in sunlight and snow covered
  backgrounds
• Guidance deteriorates near threshold

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PAPI Caution

• FROIN can cause false fly-down indication

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ATC VASIS or PAPI criteria

• Unless specifically requested by an aircraft, do
  not operate VASIS or PAPI if
• The aircraft is conducting a precision approach
  and
• Ceiling and/or visibility lt 500ft and 1 mile
• ATC 3-67

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Pulse Light Approach Slope Indicator
Coming soon to an AIRPORT near YOU
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Pulse Light Approach Slope Indicator Temporary
Installation
Temporary 2.5 KVA Power generator
Temporary base with sandbags
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Fresnel Lens Optical Landing System
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SEE YA LATER