CAPR 60-series Review slides

1
Mission Aircrew CourseSearch Planning and
Coverage(APR 2010)
2
Aircrew Tasks

• O-2004 USE A POD TABLE (P)
• P-2021 DISCUSS HOW ATMOSPHERIC AND LIGHTING
  CONDITIONS AFFECT SCANNING EFFECTIVENESS (S)
• P-2025 DISCUSS COMMON SEARCH TERMS (S)
• P-2026 IDENTIFY WHAT TO LOOK FOR AND RECORD
  DURING DAMAGE ASSESSMENT MISSIONS (S)

3
Objectives

• In basic terms, discuss how search planners
  determine the Maximum Area of Probability and
  then the Probability Area.
• Given a POD table, discuss the advantages and
  disadvantages of various search altitudes and
  speeds over the three major types of terrain.
• Discuss the importance of proper execution of
  search patterns.

4
Objectives

• Optional Review POD Example

5
Objectives

• Define the following search terms
• Ground and Search Track
• Maximum Area of Possibility
• Meteorological and Search Visibility
• Probability Area
• Probability of Detection (POD)
• Scanning Range
• Search Altitude
• Track spacing (S)

6
Objectives (Cont)

• Discuss how a disaster can effect CAP operations.
• Discuss the types of questions you must always be
  asking yourself during damage assessment
  missions.
• List typical things you are looking for during a
  damage assessment mission.
• List the information you should obtain when over
  a damage assessment site.
• Discuss the limitations of an air search for a
  missing person.

7
Search Terms

• Ground track is an imaginary line on the ground
  that is made by an aircrafts flight path over
  the ground
• Maximum Area of Possibility is normally a
  circular area centered at the search objectives
  last know position, with certain corrections
• Meteorological visibility is the maximum distance
  at which large objects (e.g., a mountain) can be
  seen

8
Search Terms

• Probability Area is a smaller area, within the
  maximum area of possibility, where there is an
  increased likelihood of locating the search
  objective
• Probability of Detection (POD) is the likelihood,
  expressed in percent, that a search airplane
  might locate the objective
• Scanning range is the lateral distance from a
  scanners aircraft to an imaginary line on the
  ground, parallel to the ground track, that a
  scanner is expected to have a good chance at
  spotting the search objective

9
Search Terms

• Search Altitude is the altitude the aircraft will
  fly above the ground (AGL)
• Search track is an imaginary swath across the
  surface formed by the scanning range and the
  length of the aircrafts ground track
• Search visibility is the distance at which an
  object on the ground can be seen and recognized
  from a particular height
• Track Spacing (S) is the distance between
  adjacent visual or electronic search legs

10
Narrowing the Search

• Search Involves
• Estimating the position of the wreck or survivors
• Determining the area to be searched
• Selecting the search techniques to be used
• Maximum Possibility Area
• Circle around the Last Known Position (LKP)
• The radius is equal to the endurance of the
  aircraft
• Correct for wind
• Probability Area
• Where is the aircraft likely to be

11
Search Altitudes Airspeed

• Altitudes
• Maintain a minimum of 1000 feet above the ground,
  water, or any obstruction within a 1000' radius
  during daylight hours, and a minimum of 2000' AGL
  at night (except for takeoff and landing). Refer
  to CAPR 60-1 for special restrictions for
  over-water missions.
• For SAR/DR/CD/HLS reconnaissance, the pilot will
  maintain at least 1000 AGL.
• Pilots may descend below the designated search
  altitude to attempt to positively identify the
  target (but never below 500 AGL or within 500
  feet of any obstructions within a 1000' radius)
  once the target has been identified the pilot
  will return to 1000' AGL or higher.
• Airspeed
• No lower than Vx

12
Search Factors

• Factors which effect detection
• Weather terrain lighting conditions
• Sweep Width (W)
• Track Spacing (S)
• Coverage Factor (C)
• Probability of Detection (P)
• Determine factors for search area coverage
• Type and number of aircraft available
• Search visibility
• Probability Of Detection (POD)

13
Determining the Maximum Possibility Area
No wind endurance
Flight level winds 330/20 Aircraft Speed
100 Kts Endurance 2 Hours
40NM
LKP
200 NM
Wind vector
Corrected for wind
Maximum possibility area
14
Probability Area

• Where was the last point where RADAR had the
  aircraft identified?
• Is there an ELT?
• Was there a flight plan (even if not on file with
  the FAA)?
• Dead reckoning from LKP and heading
• Reports of sightings
• Other aircraft
• People living along the intended route of flight

15
Narrowing the Probability Area

• Flight plan
• Weather information
• National Track Analysis Program data
• Airports along the intended flight track
• Aircraft performance
• Pilots flying habits
• Radar coverage as a limiting factor
• Nature of terrain along the flight track
• Position reports fuel stops, etc.
• Most likely within 5 miles of intended track

16
Search Priorities

• Areas of bad weather
• Low clouds and poor visibility
• Areas where weather was not as forecast
• High terrain
• Areas not covered by radar
• Reports of low flying aircraft
• Survival factors
• Radio contacts or MAYDAY calls

17
Probability of Detection (POD)

• POD expressed as a percent search object was
  detected
• Four interrelated factors used to calculate
• Track Spacing
• Search Visibility
• Search Altitude
• Type of Terrain
• Cumulative POD calculated using a chart
• Effectiveness must also be considered

18
POD Table
19
POD Chart - detail
20
Cumulative POD Chart
Previous POD

• 5-10 15
• 11-20 20 25
• 21-30 30 35 45
• 31-40 40 45 50 60
• 41-50 50 55 60 65 70
• 51-60 60 65 65 70 75 80
• 61-70 70 70 75 80 80 85 90
• 71-80 80 80 80 85 85 90 90 95
• 80 85 85 90 90 90 95 95 95 95
• 5-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70
  71-80 80

POD For This Search
21

• QUESTIONS?

22
Disaster Assessment

• Natural and man-made
• Examples of CAP services
• Air and ground SAR services
• Air and ground visual and/or video imaging
• Flood boundary determination
• Air and ground transportation
• Courier flights
• Radio communications support

23
How Disasters Can Affect CAP Operations

• Effects of extreme weather
• Physical landscape may be so altered as to make
  maps obsolete or make navigation difficult
• Damage or destruction of area infrastructure
• Effects of biological, chemical or radiological
  terrorism (or accidental release)

24
Assessment

• Flying damage assessment sorties is not much
  different from our SAR search patterns
• The big difference is what you look for
• Should be asking questions such as
• What is the geographical extent and severity of
  the damage?
• Is the damage spreading? If so, how far and how
  fast?
• How has access/egress been affected?
• What are the primary and secondary hazards?
• Is the disaster threatening critical structures
  or areas?
• Have utilities been affected or are they
  threatened?
• Can you see alternatives to problems?

25
Assessment

• Some specific things to be looking for are
• Breaks in pavement, railways, bridges, dams,
  levees, pipelines, runways and structures
• Roads/streets blocked by water, debris or
  landslide
• Downed power lines
• Ruptured water lines
• Motorists in distress or major accidents
• Alternate routes for emergency vehicles or
  evacuation
• Distress signals from survivors

26
Assessment

• At each site, besides sketching or highlighting
  the extent of the damage and identifying access
  and egress routes, you should record
• Latitude and longitude
• Description
• Type and extent of damage
• Photo number, or time reference for videotape
• Status and trends

27
Aerial survey of WTC
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Aerial survey of WTC
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Aerial survey of WTC
30
Aerial survey of WTC
31
Aerial survey of WTC
32
Aerial survey of WTC
33
Aerial survey of WTC
34
Flooding over levee
35
Seeping behind levee
36
Flooded approach
37
Bridge damage
38
Tornado
39
Tornado
40
Tornado leaves slabs
41
Close-up of tornado damage
42
Wide image of train wreck
Chemical spill (hazmat)
43
Close image of train wreck
44
Close image of train wreck
45
Infrared image of train wreck
46
Plume from train wreck
47
Questions?