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Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders

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Title: Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders


1
Chapter 15Psychological Disorders
2
Substance Abuse and Addictions
  • Mental illness

3
Substance Abuse and Addictions
  • Substance abuse

4
Substance Abuse and Addictions
  • Olds and Milner (1954)

5
Fig. 15-1, p. 452
6
Substance Abuse and Addictions
  • Other behaviors that release dopamine

7
Substance Abuse and Addictions
  • Berridge and Robinson (1998)
  • Nucleus accombans

8
Substance Abuse and Addictions
  • Addiction

9
Substance Abuse and Addictions
  • Withdrawal

10
Substance Abuse and Addictions
  • Alcohol

11
Substance Abuse and Addictions
  • The genetic basis for early-onset alcoholism is
    stronger than for later-onset, especially in men.
  • Researchers distinguish between two types of
    alcoholism
  • Type I/Type A
  • Type II/Type B

12
Substance Abuse and Addictions
  • Type I/Type A characteristics

13
Substance Abuse and Addictions
  • Type II/Type B characteristic

14
Substance Abuse and Addictions
  • Twin studies and family studies suggest a genetic
    basis for Type II/Type B alcoholism.

15
Substance Abuse and Addictions
  • Risk factors for alcoholism

16
Substance Abuse and Addictions
  • Medications used to combat alcoholism

17
Mood Disorders
  • Major depression - feeling sad and helpless
    everyday for weeks at a time

18
Mood Disorders
  • Similar symptoms can result from hormonal
    problems, head injuries, brain tumors, or other
    illnesses.
  • Often comorbid with other disorders

19
Mood Disorders
  • Studies of twins and adopted children suggest a
    moderate degree of heritability.

20
Mood Disorders
  • Predisposition depends on a variety of genes.
  • One identified gene leads to an 80 decrease in
    the brains ability to produce serotonin.
  • Most depressed people do not have this gene.
  • Those who have the gene have a higher
    predisposition.

21
Mood Disorders
  • Another gene identified controls the serotonin
    transporter protein.
  • Protein controls the ability of the axon to
    reabsorb the neurotransmitter after its release.
  • Two short forms of the gene are associated with
    an increased likelihood of depression after
    stressful events.
  • Perhaps alters the way people react to stressful
    events.

22
Mood Disorders
  • Specific hormones are also involved with
    depression.

23
Mood Disorders
  • Postpartum depression

24
Mood Disorders
  • Childhood depression is equally common in both
    boys and girls.
  • After puberty, depression is twice as common in
    females.
  • The finding is consistent across cultures,
    suggesting a biological factor.

25
Mood Disorders
  • Depression is associated with the specific brain
    activity

26
Mood Disorders
  • Some cases of depression may be linked to viral
    infection.
  • Borna disease

27
Mood Disorders
  • Categories of antidepressant drugs include
  • Tricyclics.
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
  • MAOIs.
  • Atypical antidepressants.

28
Fig. 15-9, p. 463
29
Mood Disorders
  • Tricylclics (imipramine -Tofranil)

30
Mood Disorders
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
  • Examples Fluoxetine (Prozac), setraline
    (Zoloft), fluvoxamine (Luvox), citalopram
    (Celexa) and paroxetine (Paxil).

31
Mood Disorders
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

32
Mood Disorders
  • Atypical antidepressants - Example bupropion
    (Wellbutrin)

33
Mood Disorders
  • Exactly how antidepressant drugs work is unclear.

34
Mood Disorders
  • In some depressed people, neurons in the
    hippocampus and the cerebral cortex shrink.

35
Mood Disorders
  • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

36
Mood Disorders
  • Drawbacks

37
Mood Disorders
  • Receptive transcranial magnetic stimulation

38
Mood Disorders
  • Unipolar disorder
  • Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder)

39
Mood Disorders
  • Bipolar disorder I
  • Bipolar disorder II -

40
Mood Disorders
  • Research suggests a heritability basis for
    bipolar disorder (Craddock Jones, 1999).

41
Mood Disorders
  • Treatments for bipolar
  • brain chemical arachidonic acid.

42
Schizophrenia
  • Schizophrenia

43
Schizophrenia
  • Causes are not well understood but include a
    large biological component.

44
Schizophrenia
  • Two cluster of positive symptoms of schizophrenia
    include
  • Psychotic
  • Disorganized

45
Schizophrenia
  • Psychotic - consists of delusions and
    hallucinations.
  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Disorganized

46
Schizophrenia
  • Negative symptoms

47
Schizophrenia
  • Twin studies suggest a genetic component.

48
Schizophrenia
  • Prenatal environment

49
Schizophrenia
  • One study identified a gene linked to high levels
    of negative symptoms (Fanous et al., 2005).

50
Schizophrenia
  • The neurodevelopmental hypothesis

51
Schizophrenia
  • Supporting evidence for the neurodevelopmental
    hypothesis

52
Schizophrenia
  • Prenatal risk factors increasing the likelihood
    of schizophrenia include
  • Poor nutrition of the mother during pregnancy.
  • Premature birth.
  • Low birth weight.
  • Complications during delivery.
  • Head injuries in early childhood are also linked
    to increased incidence of schizophrenia.

53
Schizophrenia
  • Schizophrenia is associated with mild brain
    abnormalities

54
Schizophrenia
  • Schizophrenia typically develops after the age of
    20 but many show sign at an earlier age.

55
Fig. 15-17, p. 476
56
Schizophrenia
  • Antipsychotic/neuroleptic drugs
  • Chlorpromazine

57
Schizophrenia
  • Two chemical families of drugs used to treat
    schizophrenia include
  • Phenothiazines - includes chlorpromazine
  • Butyrophenones - includes halperidol (Haldol)
  • Both drugs block dopamine synapses.

58
Schizophrenia
  • Second-generation antipsychotics

59
Schizophrenia
  • The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
  • Substance-induced psychotic disorder

60
Schizophrenia
  • Research indicates increased activity
    specifically at the D2 receptor.
  • Limitations of the dopamine hypothesis

61
Schizophrenia
  • The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia

62
Schizophrenia
  • Schizophrenia cannot be explained by a single
    gene or single transmitter.
  • Dopamine and glutamate may play important roles
    in schizophrenia to different degrees in
    different people.
  • Schizophrenia involves multiple genes and
    abnormalities in dopamine, glutamate, serotonin
    and GABA.
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