Mineral Supplementation for Beef, Goats & Sheep

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Mineral Supplementation forBeef, Goats Sheep
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Macro Micro Minerals

• Macro
• Salt (NaCl)
• Calcium (Ca)
• Phosphorous (P)
• Magnesium (Mg)
• Potassium (K)
• Sulfur (S)

• Micro
• Copper (Cu)
• Selenium (Se)
• Zinc (Zn)
• Manganese (Mn)
• Cobalt (Co)
• Iron (Fe)
• Chromium (Cr)
• Molybdenum (Mo)
• Iodine (I)
• Nickel (Ni)

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General Functions of Minerals

• Nutrient Metabolism
• Reproduction
• Immune Function
• Nerve Function

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Deficiencies

• Difficult to assess. May be lower weight gains,
  reduced milk and/or decreased repro without
  visable signs. Also decreased immune function.

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Factors Influencing Mineral Utilization from
Forage

• Dry matter intake
• Forage mineral content
• Forage mineral availability
• Antagonists

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Beef Cow Req vs. Fescue ()
Varies with production High risk grass
tetany (22 g/d)
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Beef Cow Req vs. Fescue(ppm or mg/kg)
CHAPA, 1996
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Availability from Forage
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Relative Bioavailability of Sources
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Mineral Antagonists

• Feed
• Water
• Mineral supplement

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Mineral Review

• A look at individual minerals and their
  importance to cattle

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Salt (NaCl)

• Electrolyte balance
• Need for sodium
• (they will consume minerals to meet the need
  for salt)

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Calcium (Ca)

• Least likely to be deficient in forage
• Legumes contain high level
• Cheap
• Dont use high levels in supplement for grazing
  cattle

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Phosphorous (P)

• May be def. esp. w/high production
• Forage content decreases w/maturity
• Grain is high in P
• Expensive

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Pasture
Higher Ca (esp. Clover) Lower P
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CaP ratio

• Dietary ratio 11 to 71
• In supplement
• 31 to 21 grass
• 21 11 mixed
• 12 clover

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Magnesium (Mg)

• Associated with Grass tetany
• High K and N reduce absorption

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Potassium (K)

• Weaned or newly received calves need short term
  suppl.

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Iron (Fe)

• Assoc with RBC (hemoglobin)
• Anemia unlikely unless parasite, disease
• High levels can interfere with other minerals.

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Sulfur (S)

• Levels above 0.25 can be antagonistic to Copper

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What about the water?

• Consider mineral levels in water especially
  antagonists
• Sulfur
• Iron

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Micro (Trace) Minerals

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Copper (Cu)

• Supplementation is needed
• Affected by Mo, S, Fe, breed
• Necessary for growth, repro, immunity
• Varying availability in supplement
• Simmental/Charolais have higher req.

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Copper deficiency

• Physical appearance
• Reddish appearance on black animals behind
  shoulders and lower qtrs.
• White ring around eyes
• Liver biopsy best to assess

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Copper Supplementation
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Selenium (Se)

• Need in supplement
• Se/Vit E interrelated
• Regulated (3 mg/hd/da)
• Increased sulfur will increase req.

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Selenium Deficiency

• Increase in early, embryonic death
• Retained placentas
• Weak calves at birth
• Compromised immune system

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Manganese (Mn)

• Very poorly absorbed
• Involved in enzyme systems
• High Ca and P can increase req.
• Deficiency
• Deformed calves knuckle-over
• Increase in cystic ovaries
• Abortions, delayed estrus

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Zinc (Zn)

• Enzyme function
• Effects repro esp. males
• Late stage spermatozoa

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Iodine (I)

• Component of thyroid hormones
• Goitrogenic compounds may increase need
• Foot Rot

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Consumption

• Salt level (dont feed separately)
• MgO level
• Water in forage
• Location
• Man!

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Beef Formula

• Not intended for
• Goats
• Sheep
• Dairy (especially Jerseys)

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CTC ??

• Only one approved formula for free-choice feeding
  - an outside company owns the rights to that
• Anaplaz - use commercially available products

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MINERALS

• Most forages are good sources of
• Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium
• Most forages will be deficient in
• Salt and most trace minerals
• Sometimes magnesium tetany occurs in lactating
  does, but it is not as common as in cattle

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MINERALS

• Goats are quite sensitive to selenium deficiency
• Goats are also commonly deficient in copper,
  primarily because of common "red salt" and "sheep
  and goat" minerals on the market
• Many producers use cattle minerals, although
  mineral supplements designed for goats are
  available

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Copper Toxicity In Goats

• Meat goats may be more susceptible than dairy
  goats.

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Toxicity Levels of Dietary Intake

• Cattle dietary levels gt 100 ppm
• Goats (?)
• Sheep dietary levels 20-25 ppm

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Tolerance of Goats to Copper

• Research at N. Carolina State for the last 3
  years on copper supplementation of goats
• Treatments were 0, 10 or 30 ppm added dietary
  copper in year 1 and 0, 1000 and 3000 ppm
  mineral supplement copper in year 2 and 3
• Source was copper sulfate

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Liver Copper (ppm, dry basis) after 112
daysInitial values 123 ppm
L P lt .02
Supplemental Cu level (ppm)
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Liver Copper, mg/kg DM Kids at Market Study 2
L P lt 0.01
Supplemental Cu, mg/kg DM
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Reasons For High Cu Load

• Over feeding complete feeds
• Feeds with lt1 ppm Mo and S
• Feeds with low Fe, Zn, Cd
• Over feeding ionophores, monensen, lasalocid

• Stress
• Doe post weaning
• Change in weather
• Change in feed
• Poor nutrition
• Transportation
• Handling
• Showing
• Liver damage

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MILK FEVER - HYPOCALCEMIA

• PREVENTION
• Limit calcium intake from legumes or minerals 3
  weeks prior to kidding
• Forces animal to start mechanism to mobilize
  body stores
• Balance lactation ration

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URINARY CALCULI

• Obstruction of urinary tract

• Due to excessive grain in diet
• Mainly in young males and
• show bucks

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URINARY CALCULI

• Ca P ration 2 1 to 4 1
• Keep diet P lt0.35
• don't feed too much high phosphorus feeds
• Urinary acidifiers
• ?10 g ammonium chloride per head per day
• ?Ammonium chloride at 2 of concentrate ration
• ?Ammonium sulfate at .6 to .7 of the total
  ration

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Minerals for Sheep

• Specifically for sheep
• Free-choice, year-round

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Minerals for Sheep

• Spring Summer (high quality clover)
• Trace Mineral Salt (TMS) w/ Selenium
• Rest of Year
• Complete mineral mix

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Minerals for Sheep

• Concern Copper Toxicity
• Sheep more sensitive than cattle
• Result of accumulation in liver over time
• Generally Sheep require about 5 ppm Copper (Cu)
  in diet toxicity at levels above 25 ppm in diet
• CuMO ratio is important
• If MO is low (lt1ppm) sheep are more susceptible

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Minerals for Sheep

• Problem
• Distillers grains and Soybean Meal (SBM) can be
  variable in Cu

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Questions?