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Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2

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Title: Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2


1
Anatomy and PhysiologyChapter 2
2
2.1 Introduction
  • Chemistry is the branch of science that considers
    the composition of matter and how this
    composition changes.
  • Chemistry is essential for understanding anatomy
    and physiology because body structures and
    functions result from chemical changes within
    cells.

3
2.2 Structure of Matter
  • Matter is anything that has mass (weight) and
    takes up space. Matter is found in various forms,
    gases, liquids, and solids
  • Elements make up all matter.
  • Elements are composed of tiny particles called
    atoms.
  • The smallest complete units of elements are atoms.

4
Atomic Structure
  • Nucleus is the central portion of the atom which
    contains neutrons (neutral) and protons
    (positive).
  • Electrons, which are extremely small, found
    outside the nucleus in energy shells or levels or
    rings have a negative charge.
  • What are the components of an atom that determine
    its electrical charge?
  • Protons and electrons

5
Drawing atoms
  • Atomic number is the number of protons in an
    element.
  • The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
    equal the number of electrons in its shells.
  • Energy levels or shells
  • 1st shell can hold a max of 2 electrons
  • 2nd 6th shells can hold a max of 8 electrons

6
Drawing atoms continued
  • Atomic weight is the number of protons plus
    neutrons.
  • SO. Atomic weight atomic number the number
    of neutrons.
  • Draw Lithium?

7
  • The defining characteristic of stable elements is
    the maximum number of electrons in its outer
    shell. Noble gases.
  • Unstable elements achieve stable structures by
    gaining, losing, or sharing electrons in their
    energy levels or shells.

8
Bond Types 3 Main Types
  • Ionic bond between a metal and nonmetal they
    transfer electrons forming ions.
  • Ion atoms that gain or lose electrons (-) become
    electrically charged.
  • Covalent bond between two nonmetals they share
    electrons.
  • When atoms combine with other atoms, they can
    share an electron with another atom, lose an
    electron or gain an electron.
  • Hydrogen Bonds

9
Molecules and Compounds
  • A molecule is formed when two or more atoms
    combine.
  • If atoms of different elements combine, the
    resulting structure can also be called a
    compound. Examples Baking soda, sugar
  • Molecular formula represents the numbers and
    types of atoms in a molecule. Examples H2O
    C6H12O6
  • Structural formulas show what molecules look
    like.

10
Structural Formation
You do Not need in your notes
11
Chemical Reactions 4 Types
  • Synthesis when two or more atoms or reactants
    bond to form a new, more complex structure.
    Synthesis requires energy and is important to the
    growth of body parts.
  • Decomposition the opposite of synthesis
  • Single Replacement
  • Double Replacement

12
  • Catalysts affect the speed of a reaction but is
    not consumed by the reaction.
  • Electrolytes contains electrically charged
    particles (ions), it will conduct an electric
    current. When electrically charged ions
    disassociate in water, the solution will conduct
    electricity. Example Salt water

13
Acids and Bases
  • pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. It indicates how
    acidic something is.
  • Acids have pH less than 7
  • Neutral pH equal to 7
  • Bases have pH greater than 7

14
2.3 Chemical Constituents of Cells
  • 2 types of chemicals
  • Organic must contain carbon and hydrogen but may
    contain other elements as well. (C6H12O6) Living
    things or once living things.
  • Inorganic all the other compounds (H20) do NOT
    contain C.

15
Inorganic Compounds
  • Water
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Salts

16
Water
  • In the human body, water plays an important role
    in dissolving solid substances, moving chemicals
    around the body, and absorbing and moving heat
  • Is the most abundant compound in cells and is a
    solvent in which chemical reactions occur.
  • Transports chemicals and heat.

17
Oxygen
  • Releases energy from glucose and other nutrients.
  • This energy drives metabolism.

18
Carbon Dioxide
  • Is an inorganic substances that is a metabolic
    waste product, exhaled from the lungs.

19
Salts
  • Provide a variety of ions that metabolic
    processes require.

20
Organic Compounds
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids

21
Carbohydrates
  • Supply most of the energy needed by cells
  • Composed of what 3 elements? C,H,O
  • Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
  • Disaccharides are two sugars joined together
  • Polysaccharides, such as starch, are built of
    many sugars.
  • Humans synthesize the complex carbohydrate called
    glycogen.

22
Lipids
  • Lipids made of C,H,O but in different amounts
  • Lipids include fats (most common), steroids, and
    phospholipids.
  • A fat that has all of its carbon atoms joined by
    single carbon to carbon bonds is said to be
    saturated. (solid at room temp, bad for you)
  • Unsaturated fats (liquid at room temp, good for
    you, double bonds)
  • Cholesterol, estrogens, and testosterone are all
    steroids.
  • A phospholipid typically has two fatty acid
    chains and a phosphate group.

23
Proteins
  • Proteins have a great variety of functions in the
    body---as structural materials, as energy
    sources, as certain hormones, as receptors on
    cell membranes, as antibodies, and as enzymes to
    catalyze metabolic reactions.
  • Proteins contain what 4 elements? C,H,O,N
    Sometimes S
  • Building blocks of proteins are the amino acids
    (20)
  • Proteins have complex shapes held together by
    hydrogen bonds. (their many shapes changes their
    functions)
  • Protein shapes, which determine how proteins
    function, can be altered by pH, temperature,
    radiation, or chemicals. H bonds break this is
    called denatured.

24
Amino Acids
You do NOT need in your notes
  • Alanine  
  • Glutamic acid     
  • Leucine  
  • Serine  
  • Arginine  
  • Glutamine  
  • Lysine  
  • Threonine  
  • Asparagine  
  • Glycine  
  • Methionine
  • 12.  Tryptophan     
  • 13. Aspartic acid     
  • 14. Histidine  
  • 15. Phenylalanine     
  • 16. Tyrosine  
  • 17. Cysteine  
  • 18. Isoleucine  
  • 19. Proline  
  • 20. Valine
  • (NOTE the 8 essential amino acids are in red. 
    These cannot be synthesized by the human body and
    must be obtained from food. Arginine and
    histidine are essential only for children.)

25
Nucleic Acids
  • Nucleic acids form genes and take part in protein
    synthesis.
  • They contain the elements C,H,O,N,P
  • The building blocks are called nucleotides.
  • Nucleic acids are of two major types DNA (with
    deoxyribose) and RNA (with ribose).

26
DNA RNA
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA (deoxyribonucleic
    acid) stores the molecular code in genes.
  • How many strands does it have? 2
  • Deoxy means without Oxygen
  • Ribonucleic acid RNA (ribonucleic acid)
    functions in protein synthesis.
  • How many strands does it have? 1

27
Clinical Connection
  • Prion protein can assume up to 12 different
    shapes before prion was discovered it was
    believed protein shape was always 3-D
  • Some prions are infectious mad cow disease
  • Some prions are not infectious Alzheimer
    disease which cause gummy plaques in the brain
    and disrupt functioning.
  • Some forms of Alzheimer disease may be caused by
    protein misfolding

28
Work cited
  • Chemistry Image. www.aperfectworld.org/healthcare_
    medicine.html
  • DNA image. www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/knoll.htm
    l
  • Structural formula image.
  • www.chemistry.mtu.edu/pages/courses/courses/ch4412
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