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CHAPTER 7: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

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Title: CHAPTER 7: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION


1
CHAPTER 7 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
2
California State Standards
  • 1. Cell biology
  • Cells are enclosed in semipermeable membranes
    that regulate their interactions with their
    surroundings
  • Know prokaryotic cell differ from eukaryotic
    cells
  • Know the role of endoplasmic reticulum and golgi
    apparatus in the secretion of proteins
  • Students know the role of mitochondria in making
    stored chemical-bond energy available to cells
  • j. Students know how eukaryotic cells are
    given shape and internal organization by a
    cytoskeleton or cell wall or both.

3
  • 7-1 Life Is Cellular
  • A. The Discovery of the Cell
  • 1. Early Microscopes
  • Robert Hooke-
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek-
  • 2. The Cell Theory
  • Mathias Schleiden-
  • Theodor Schwann-
  • Rudolf Virchow-

Used compound microscope to look at a slice
of cork
Observed tiny living things in pond water
Concluded all plants are made of cells
Stated all animals are made of cells
Concluded new cells come from existing cells
4
Cell Theory
  • ? All living things are composed of _____
  • ? Cells are the basic units of structure and
    function in living things
  • ? New cells are produced from ____________

cells
Existing cells
5
Exploring the Cell1. Electron Microscope (TEM
SEM) -Specimen placed in a vacuumhttp//www.mos
.org/sln/sem/2. Scanning Probe Microscope
-1990 development of fine probe microscope
-operates in _______________ -can even show
samples in solution
ordinary air
6
  • C. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
  • cells vary in size from _________________-
    ___________________
  • viruses are not cells

0.2 micrometers
1000 micrometers
Prokaryotic cell
Cell membrane
Eukaryotic cell
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus
7
before
true
DNA
Cell membrane
Membrane bound organelles
Plants, animals, fungi, and protists
8
Eukaryotic Cell vs. Prokaryotic cell
9
Warm-upSection 7-1
  • Name 3 scientists and their contribution to
    science.
  • What is the cell theory?
  • What are the characteristics of prokaryotes and
    eukaryotes. Use the thinking visually box on
    page 173 to answer this question.

10
Venn Diagrams
7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure(chart)
Section 7-2
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi
apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskel
eton
Cell membrane Contain DNA ribosomes
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic
reticulum Golgi apparatus Vacuoles Mitochondria Cy
toskeleton
Centrioles Lysosomes
11
artists rendition of the plant cell
Section 7-2
Plant Cell
12
artists rendition of an animal cell
Animal cell
13
(No Transcript)
14
Warm-upSection 7-2
  • Compare and contrast plant and animal cells. Are
    they prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
  • Eukaryotic cells maintain shape and internal
    organization with .?
  • What is the function of the nucleus?
  • Where is chemical energy from food converted to
    useable energy?
  • Where is light energy converted to chemical
    energy in plants? What is this process called?

15
  • 7-3 Cell Boundaries
  • A. Cell Membrane
  • Regulates what ___________ and __________ the
    cell
  • Provides
  • Composed of a ______________
  • __________________ are embedded in the bilayer
  • _________________ are attached to some of the
    proteins allows cells to __________ one another.

enters
leaves
protection and support
lipid bilayer
Protein molecules
form channels and pumps to move material across
the cell membrane.
Carbohydrates
identify
16
CELL MEMBRANE FLUID MOSAIC
ID tags
transport
Phospholipids
17
  • Cell Walls
  • Found in
  • Cell walls are porous enough to allow
  • Main function is to provide
  • Plant cell walls made of __________ (carbohydrate
    fiber)

plants, algae, fungi and many prokaryotes
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide easily
support and protection for the cell
cellulose
18
  • C. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
  • All living cells exists in a
  • Cell membranes regulate
  • Cell membranes are _____________________ (aka
    _______________)
  • If substances can pass, then the cell
  • membrane
  • If substances cannot pass, then the cell
  • membrane

liquid environment.
the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
selectively permeable
semipermeable
Permeable
impermeable
19
  • 1. Measuring Concentration
  • Cytoplasm
  • Concentration
  • Example12g salt/3L H2O
  • 60g salt/3L H2O
  • Concentration gradient

Water and other substances between the cell
membrane and the nucleus.
mass of solute/volume of solution
4 g/L
20 g/L 5X more concentrated
unequal distribution of particles
20
  • 2. Diffusion
  • Particles constantly
  • Particles move from a _____ concentration _____ a
    ____ concentration (with the concentration
    gradient) process is known as _________
  • Diffusion continues until
  • Equilibrium
  • ?Diffusion depends upon random particle
    movements, substances diffuse across membranes
    ______ requiring the cell to use _______

collide and spread out randomly in solution
high
to
low
diffusion
equilibrium is reached
When particles are evenly distributed in solution
without
energy
The movement of particles will continue to move
equally across the cell membrane to maintain
equilibrium.
21
  • Osmosis
  • ? Osmosis

H2O passes easily across most membranes
The diffusion of water through a selectively
permeable membrane
Before Osmosis
After Osmosis
Selectively permeable membrane
water
solute
22
1. How Osmosis Works
  • Left Beaker
  • More sugar molecules on the ____ side (low water
    concentration).
  • The membrane is permeable to water but not sugar.

left
High water concentration on the right side.
Net movement of water from high water
concentration to low water concentration.
23
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
Hypertonic Solution Isotonic
Solution Hypotonic Solution
above strength same strength below
strength
High concentration of Equal
concentration of Low concentration of
Dissolved substances dissolved
substances dissolved substances In
Solution in solution
24
Cells in a hypertonic solution
  • In a hypertonic solution, water leaves a cell by
    osmosis, causing the cell to shrink.

H2O
H2O
Water Molecule Dissolved Molecule
25
Cells in a hypotonic solution
  • In a hypotonic solution, water enters a cell by
    osmosis, causing the cell to swell.

H2O
H2O
Water Molecule Dissolved Molecule
26
Cells in an isotonic solution
  • In an isotonic solution, the concentration of
    dissolved substances in the solution is the same
    as the concentration of dissolved substances
    inside the cell.

H2O
H2O
Water Molecule Dissolved Molecule
27
  • The effects of Osmosis on cells
  • (animal cells refer to figure 7-16)

Cells in a hypotonic solution
Cells in a hypertonic solution
Cells in an isotonic solution
28
  • E. Facilitated Diffusion
  • Molecules, that cannot diffuse across the cell
    membranes lipid bilayer on their own, can move
  • Molecules still ___________________ concentration

With the help of protein channels
move from high to low
29
  • F. Active Transport
  • Movement of molecules
  • Requires
  • Needs

against a concentration gradient (from low to
high)
energy
a transport protein or pump
30
  • Large molecules and clumps of material can be
  • taken into the cell by a process known as
  • ___________. The two kinds of endocytosis are
  • 1. Phagocytosis
  • 2. Pinocytosis
  • ___________ release of large amounts of
    material

endocytosis
Cell eating
cell drinking
Exocytosis
endo/exocytosis demonstration
31
Section 8.1 Summary pages 195 - 200
Transport of Large Particles
  • Endocytosis is a process by which a cell
    surrounds and takes in material from its
    environment.

Nucleus
Digestion
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Wastes removal
32
Lets Review
  • interactive sites for cell membrane, diffusion,
    active, passive transport

Simple diffusion (includes Osmosis)
Facilitated Diffusion
ATP required
No ATP
No ATP
Hi-Lo
Hi-Lo
Lo-Hi
No protein
Needs protein
Needs Protein
33
Warm-upSection 7-3
  • Describe the anatomy of a cell membrane.
  • What are the main functions of the cell membrane
    and the cell wall?
  • What happens during diffusion?
  • What is osmosis?
  • Describe the terms hypotonic, hypertonic,
    isotonic.
  • Compare and contrast passive and active transport.

34
  • 7-4 The Diversity of Cellular Life
  • A. Unicellular Organisms (single celled)
  • Unicellular organisms _________ multicellular
    organisms
  • Examples
  • B. Multicellular Organisms (many celled)
  • Cells become ___________ to perform different
    tasks
  • Cells need to communicate and cooperate

outnumber
Yeast, algae, bacteria
specialized
35
  • C. Levels of Organization
  • ? The levels of organization in a multicellular
    organism are
  • individual

CELLS
TISSUES
ORGANS
ORGAN SYSTEMS
36
  • 1. Tissues
  • Four types of tissue
  • -
  • -
  • -
  • -
  • Organs
  • Ex. bicep muscle is mad of muscle, connective,
    and nervous tissue
  • 3. Organ Systems

Group of similar cells that perform a particular
function
muscle
epithelial
nervous
connective
Groups of tissues
Group of organs that work together to perform a
specific function.
37
Warm-upSection 7-4
  • What are the levels of organization in a
    multicellular organism?
  • What is cell specialization? Provide 3 examples.
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