The Tutsi and The Maasai Whitney Ourisman Outline TUTSI

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The Tutsi and The Maasai

• Whitney Ourisman

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Outline

• TUTSI
• Location
• History
• Culture
• Religion
• Art/Dance/Folklore
• Rites of Passage
• Future

• MAASAI
• Location
• History
• Culture
• Religion
• Art/Dance/Folklore
• Rites of Passage
• Future

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TUTSI(Batusi, Tussi, Watusi, Watutsi)
Picture A Tutsi Man
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Location
Picture B Map
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History

• People of the Nilotic origin (region of the Nile
  River)
• Moved in 600 years ago from Ethiopia
• Founded two kingdoms-Ruanda, Urundi
• Dominated Hutu
• Tutsi aristocratic elite, minority of
  population
• Clientship system
• Colonial Influence

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Culture Ways of Life

• Work
• Past own cattle, present work land, own cattle,
  hunters
• Rural income- sale of agricultural products
• Modern use money from agriculture to buy Western
  style housing material
• Diet
• Milk, butter, meat supplemented by banana and
  sorghum beer
• Goat meat and milk taboo
• Dress
• Before colonization gowns and robes from coast
• Western-style clothing common today
• Traditional dress during ceremonial events
• Ornamentation

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Picture D Tutsi Boy Cooking
Picture C Tutsis Farming
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Culture Family Life and Social Structure

• Organized patrillinealy into lineages, clans
• Marriage- bridal wealth, subordination,
  traditional vs. present motivations
• Hutu concubines
• Polygyny
• Social Structure- Tutsi-state headed
• Ruling class, fighting soldiers

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Culture Language, Living Conditions, Education,
Holidays

• Central Bantu Language (Rundi, Krundi)
• Some French, English in Uganda
• Living Conditions
• High population density in urban areas
• Transportation infrastructure not developed
• Education
• Literacy rates no more than 50 in vernacular
• Struggle over access to quality education
• Holidays
• National holidays, traditional holidays

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Picture E Watutsi Dancers
Picture F Watutsi Dancers
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Religion

• Majority are Christian (Roman Catholic)
• Original beliefs
• Benevolent god Imana
• Witches, sorceress, ghosts of the dead
• King has special access to power of Creator
• Ancestral spirits

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Art/Dance/Folklore

• Music, dance, and drumming are all important in
  rural life (compose lyrics)
• Dance
• Ceremonial Lion Dance
• King dance and drum ensembles
• Ritual occasions
• Basketwork, pottery, woodwork, metal work,
  jewelry making

Picture G Tutsi Basket
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Picture H Tutsi Dancers
Picture I Ceremonial Lion Dance
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Rites of Passage

• Naming ceremony
• Marriage- the only formal initiation process to
  celebrate the change from adolescence to
  adulthood
• Death

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Future In the World Today

• Tutsi are slowly incorporating a Western
  lifestyle into their everyday life
• Clothing
• Traditional religious beliefs are no longer
  practiced
• Although their territory is not being taken over,
  they are willingly modernizing and evolving as a
  tribe

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Maasai(Masai)
Picture J Maasai Man
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Location
Picture K Then
Picture L Now
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History

• Before British colonization- respected, feared
• Originated in Upper Nile Valley
• Maa-speaking society development
• New Maasai identity
• Loikop Wars led to the disbanding and
  reorganization of some sections in society
• Cattle Herding ? Maasai Proper (Plains Nilotes)
• New identity was grounded in specialized form of
  pastoralism, professionalized military use of the
  warrior class, increased authority of the laibon
  (the traditional prophet-diviner in society)
• Epidemics
• Emutai (to finish off completely)
• Coincided with German and British partitions
• After independence from the British in 1960s-
  the Maasai became more organized and modernized

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Culture Way of Life

• Population around 300,000
• Work
• Semi-nomadic pastoralists
• Way of life under threat
• Men- cattle (protection, grazing land, water)
• Young boys- herd goats at 4 and cattle at 12
• Women- raise kids, cook, clean, milk cows
• Young girls-domestic chores
• Diet
• Milk, meat, blood, tea, sugar, vegetables, grain
• Strong immune systems due in part to eating
  habits
• Dress
• Always wear some form of red (official Maasai
  color)
• Robes, tunics, footwear not common
• Ornamentation

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Picture N Herders with their cattle
Picture M Maasai Herders
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Culture Family Life and Social Structure

• Patriarchal society
• Age grade system
• Age sets
• Moran
• Elders
• Councils
• Each age-set holds council meetings chaired by a
  nominee (olaiguenani)
• Every man has a say- decisions taken by consensus
• Marriage
• Body Modification (rites of passage)
• Economy

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Picture O Maasai Hair Design
Picture P Maasai Warrior
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Culture Language, Living Conditions, Education,
Holidays

• Maa Language Olmaa
• Eastern Nilotic language group
• 20 varients
• Living conditions
• Bomas- small communities
• Enkang- is a group of bomas enclosed in a thorn
  fenced village
• Women build the homes, men provide the protection
• Few paved roads and passable dirt roads
• Education
• Traditional education
• Few practical rewards for formal education
• Holidays
• Traditional calendar has no holidays
• Community celebration and feasts

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Religion

• Resisted the conversion to Islam and Christianity
• Traditional beliefs
• Believe themselves to be at center of universe
• High God? Enkai (created the world and gave the
  Maasai cattle to watch over)
• Laibons- prophets, leaders of rituals, healers

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Art/Dance/Folklore

• Dance
• Traditional dance Entertainment
• Eunoto ceremony
• Herders tell stories during the evening
• Beadwork (sold to tourists)
• Essential element in ornamentation of body
• Beading patterns determined by age-set
• Wood Carvings (sold to tourists)
• Oral Literature
• Myths, legends, folktales, riddles, proverbs
• Passed down through generations
• Composers- improvise song lyrics
• Folklore
• Legends and tales- focus on the origin of their
  religious bleiefs

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Picture R Masai beaded jewelry
Picture Q Men performing the traditional Maasai
dance
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Rites of Passage

• Rites of passage for the Maasai revolves around
  an endurance to pain
• Tooth removal
• Burning
• Tattooing
• Ear piercing
• Circumcision/Excision

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Future In the world today

• Pastoral life under threat
• Their land is slowing disappearing
• Tourism- an extra source of income
• New housing materials being used
• Since independence- school participation rates
  have risen
• As Maasai beocme more invovled in Kenyan and
  Tanzanian life-secular state holidays becoming
  more popular
• Some able to maintain culture traditions while
  engaging in contemporary regional and global
  economic, social, and political forces
• They are slowly being forced into the global
  world

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Work Cited for Images

• A Tutsi. Probert Encyclopedia. Probert
  Encyclopedia of People. 6 Apr. 2007
  ltwww.probertencyclopaedia.com/CX_TUTSI.HTMgt.
• B A Brief History" "A Year in Review 1996"
  Cable Network News. 4 Apr. 2007
  lthttp//www.cnn.com/EVENTS/1996/year.in.review/top
  ten/hutu/history.htmlgt.
• C Burundi Becomes Independent. History
  Central.Com Historys Home on the Web. 6 Apr.
  2007 ltwww.historycentral.com/Africa/BurundiIndep.h
  tmlgt.
• D Boy Cooking. Operation Desert Rain. Orgonise
  Africa. 6 Apr. 2007 ltwww.orgonise-africa.net/categ
  ory.aspx?categor...gt.
• EDançArinos Da Tribo Watutsi. 2006. HISTÓRIA DA
  REPÚBLICA DE BURUNDI. 6 Apr. 2007
  ltwww.sergiosakall.com.br/.../materia_burundi.htmgt.
  
• FRuanda-Urundi - Danseurs Watutsi. Le Congo
  belge en cartes postales. 6 Apr. 2007
  ltwww.lardc.com/hellin/cartespostales.htmgt.
• G Lidded Basket. 1958. The Michael C.
  Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift of Mr. and
  Mrs. Julius Carlebach. Eastern Africa, 1900 a.D.-
  Present. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 6 Apr. 2007
  ltwww.metmuseum.org/.../sfe/ho_1978.412.327a,b.htmgt
  .
• H Brom, John L. Tutsi Dancers. 2000. National
  Anthropological Archives. Smithsonian
  Institution. 6 Apr. 2007 ltwww.nmnh.si.edu/naa/what
  snew2000_02.htmgt.
• I Holton, George. Tutsi Hunters Performing the
  Ceremonial Lion Dance. Lion Dance. Encyclopedia
  Britanica. 6 Apr. 2007 lthttp//www.britannica.com/
  eb/art-94330gt.
• JMasaailand. 2001. Maasai, Pride of Africa a
  Vanishing Culture. 6 Apr. 2007 ltus-africa.tripod.c
  om/link3.htmlgt.
• K "Maasai" Unrepresented Nations and Peoples
  Organization. 4 Apr. 2007 lthttp//www.unpo.org/mem
  ber_profile.php?id64gt.
• L"Maasai" Unrepresented Nations and Peoples
  Organization. 4 Apr. 2007 lthttp//www.unpo.org/mem
  ber_profile.php?id64gt.
• MMasai Herders. Masai Tribe. BBC Newsround. 6
  Apr. 2007 ltnews.bbc.co.uk/.../newsid_2685000/26853
  39.stmgt.
• N2007. Changing Lives of the Kenyan Masai. 6
  Apr. 2007 ltwww.thequiethour.org/evan/kenya/home.ph
  pgt.
• O Maasai Hair. 2006. Serenity Photography.
  Serenity Photography. 6 Apr. 2007
  ltwww.serenityphotography.co.uk/Country20by20...gt
  .
• PMaasai Warrior. 2004. Maasai. Maasai School
  Project. 6 Apr. 2007 ltwww.laleyio.com/image3.htmlgt
  .
• QTraditional Dance. Kenya Democracy Project. 6
  Apr. 2007 ltdemokrasia-kenya.blogspot.com/2005/05/s
  econd-...gt.
• R Masai. Two Ethnic Groups of Tanzania. Aska
  David. 6 Apr. 2007 ltwww.askadavid.org/photos/photo
  s73/photos73.htmgt.

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Work Cited for Information

• Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th ed. 2003.
• Encyclopedia of African History. 1st ed. 1 vols.
  New York Taylor and Francis Group, 2005.
• Encyclopedia of African People. London The
  Diagram Group, 2000.
• Maasai. Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and
  Daily Life. 4 vols. Gale Research, 1998. Student
  Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 15 March 2007
  lthttp//galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SRCgt.
• "Maasai Information." Art and Life in Africa
  Online (1998) 1-2. 15 Mar. 2007
  lthttp//www.uiowa.edu/africar/toc/people/Maasai.h
  tmlgt.
• "Still Bleeding Burundi." Gale Student Resource
  Center 330 (1994) 1-2. 15 Mar. 2007
  lthttp//galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SRC?vrsn3.0
  txbaTutsiANDspcoaslbSU1gt.
• Tutsi. Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and
  Daily Life. 4 vols. Gale Research, 1998. Student
  Research Center. Thomson Gale. 15 March 2007
  lthttp//galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SRgt.
• Waters, Tony. "Tutsi Social Identity in
  Contemporary Africa." The Journal of Modern
  African Studies 33 (1995) 343-347. 15 Mar. 2007
  lthttp//links.jstor.org/sici?sici0022-278X281995
  0629333A23C3433ATSIICA3E2.0.CO3B2-Tgt.
• Wright, Tina. "Skipping Stones." Gale Student
  Resource Center 12 (2000) 1-4. 15 Mar. 2007
  ltwww.galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/Src?vrsn3.0tx
  baMasaiANDsocialslbSUgt.