Child welfare

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Child welfare
2000
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Measure of child welfare

• Child enrollment in school
• Primary
• Secondary
• Child health
• Mortality
• Morbidity
• Child nutrition
• Child labor

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Child labor
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Child Immunization
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Immunization
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Primary schooling
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Female children, primary schooling
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Secondary schooling
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Female children, secondary schooling
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Educating Women Reduces National Infant Mortality
Infant mortality (deaths per 1,000 births)
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Asia
Middle East North Africa
Latin America Caribbean
East Asia
OECD
70
90
110
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Secondary education (females per 100 males)
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Educated Women Have Healthier Children
Under 5 mortality per 1,000
Years of education of mother (Average of
household survey results)
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Declining sex-ratio

• There are at least 60 to 100 million missing
  women.
• Female infanticide and sex-selective foeticide
• Declining child sex-ratios
• Relation of declining sex-ratios to the
  population policies and son preference
• Example

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Percentage of female population
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Where is there anti-girl discrimination and a
resulting shortage of girls?

• East Asia China, Taiwan, South Korea (not Japan)
• South Asia India, Nepal, Pakistan
• Not in most Muslim countries of Arab Middle
  East, North Africa, Southeast Asia, or Central
  Asia
• Not in most of Latin America, Africa, Middle
  East, Less Developed, or Least Developed
  Countries
• Not in Europe, North America, Russia
• Only certain cultures have such strong
  traditional anti-daughter bias that is now
  exacerbated by declining and low fertility,
  leading to sex-selective abortion and/or excess
  mortality of daughters

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Chinas abnormal sex ratios

• Situation deteriorated 1978 to the present
• 1978-83 Announcement and implementation of
  one-child policy, increased coercion in family
  planning, resurgence of female infanticide
• 1983-present Sharp rise in sex-selective
  abortion, increasing excess female infant
  mortality reported
• Reported sex ratio at birth and sex ratio of
  children at ages 0-4 rose to 120 boys per 100
  girls in 2000
• Two positive trends Ratio of male to female
  mortality rates became more normal at ages 2 and
  above. Sex ratio ages 0-4 stabilized at 120
  during 1997-2000

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What causes the shortage of girls in China?

• Poverty? No, some of Chinas poorest areas have
  no missing girl problem. But economic
  considerations matter
• Political or economic system? (No)
• Illiteracy, low educational level? (No)
• Chinese culture? YES
• Low fertility? YES. Combined with son preference.
• One-child policy? Maybe. Seems to worsen excess
  female infant mortality. Perhaps shortage of
  girls is more severe than without the one-child
  policy

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Declining sex-ratio in India

• National decline from 945 to 927 in the number of
  girls per 1,000 boys aged 0-6 between 1991 and
  2001
• Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Gujarat,
  (fewer than 800 girls for every 1,000 boys)
• The ratio is also said to be low in certain
  districts, including the South West District of
  Delhi, which are "amongst the most prosperous in
  the country."

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In Asia, does economic and social development
reduce anti-daughter discrimination?

• Unfortunately not. Not automatically. There is no
  clear relationship
• As shown by Croll, in East and South Asia, the
  phenomenon of missing girls has worsened as
  economies have developed, as the status of women
  has improved, and as female educational
  attainment has risen
• In India, as in China, daughter discrimination is
  found in urban areas as well as rural, and among
  educated as well as uneducated mothers
• The missing girl situation is also extreme in
  developed East Asian societies, such as South
  Korea and Taiwan

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Life expectancy at birth female-male
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Childhood Obesity Trends and Potential Causes
(Child Obesity)

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Global Database on Child Growth

• 3 year project by WHO German gov. nutritional
  surveillance database (HAZ, WHZ, WAZ)
• Objective characterize nutritional status,
  secular trends, ... worldwide!
• Sources published articles, gov. stats, survey
  reports (UN, NGO), gt840 surveys
• Group pre-school children (here 0-4.9982)
• Surveys standardized and quality controlled

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WHERE?

• Characterization of the health status of the
  world at the end of the millennium
  cross-sectional evidence (N93-118
  T1995-2002)
• 3 datasets constructed from the database
• Overall malnutrition HAZ, WHZ, WAZ
• Where do we find malnutrition? (by region, by
  income)

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Our Research Aim II Inductive stat. Part/WHY?

• Statistical determinants of child health at the
  end of the millennium
• WHO datasets combined with
• World Bank data (macroeconomic, demographic,
  health, education data)
• Other sources (political freedom, nutritional
  input)

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Stunting by Region
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Stunting and Wasting by Region
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Stunting by Development
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Gender-stratified Malnutrition absolute
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Gender-stratified Malnutrition relative
Ratio ( malnourished males / malnourished
females) x 100
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Area-stratified Malnutrition
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Area-stratified Malnutrition relative
Ratio ( malnourished rural / malnourished
urban) x 100
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Conclusion Descriptive Part

• Overall malnutrition
• Levels Stunting 25, Underweight 19, Wasting 7
• Africa (E. and C.), Asia (S-E and S-C) extremely
  retarded in growth
• Gender stratified malnutrition
• More boys (n85) than girls (n25) stunted
• Divided western-eastern hemisphere
• Area stratified malnutrition
• More rural (n90) than urban (n3) stunted
• Western Africa (and Oceania) less affected

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Regression general
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Regression rural and urban divide
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Regression male-female divide
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Freedom and rural-urban divide
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Freedom and male-female divide
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Regarding presentation

• Presentation it must be on the topic of your
  assignment
• You have 10 minutes to talk
• Power point presentation is better
• Send me your ppt files by Thursday 1700
• Questions/answer session for maximum of 10
  minutes

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• Thank You