Title: A bit of Ch 9 and 28 Applied, Industrial and Biotechnical Microbiology
1A bit of Ch 9 and 28 Applied, Industrial and
Biotechnical Microbiology
2Biotechnology Defined
- The Use of microorganisms, cells, or cell
components to make a product. - 1/5th of the manufacturing Jobs in the Bay area
are Biotechnology related.
3Microorganisms represent an almost limitless
supply of enzymatic reactions
- May reduce the risks and complexities of
industrial syntheses - Is less expensive
- By-products are usually less toxic
- Used in environmental cleanup (In situ)
4Commercial production of Microorganisms
- Fermentation projects (Beer and Wine)
- Biomass where the physical structure of the
microbe is wanted - Baking yeast
- Edible forms of bacteria (spirulina)
- Single-cell protein SCP
- May concentrate toxic compounds
- Nucleic acids in large numbers are toxic
5Biotransformation (Bioconversion)
- Transformation of a chemical added to the medium
into a commercially valuable compound
6Fermenter
- Are structures designed to optimize the growth
conditions of the specific organisms that we want - Control oxygen, ph, medium, temperature and
nutrients antifoaming - Stirred tank reactor
- Air lift reaction
7Fermentation Technology
Figure 28.10
8Two types of ways to grow
- Continuous fermentation
- Batch culturing
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of each
- Mixed culture fermentation
9Bioconversions
- Example, bioconversion of steroids
- Chemical synthesis requires 37 steps
- Bioconversion requires 11 steps, reduces the cost
and shortens the time of manufacturing. - How these processes work
- Use of immobilized cells (cells localized in a
matrix and the chemical is converted as it flows
pas the column
10Microorganism and Agriculture
- Ice-minus bacteria
- Pseudomonas syringae promote ice formation at 2C
- Scientists have used biotechnology to remove the
gene and these ice-strains can be sprayed on and
colonize. - Is genetically altered
- EPA has stated that these bacteria use for
biological control decrease the presence of wild
type bacteria and this must be registered as
pesticides. Will greatly increase the cost of
these products
11- Frost Technologies corporation registered with
EPA a mixture of naturally occurring bacteria
12Microbial pesticides
- Why?
- Troubles with DDT
- Resistance by insects
- Biological magnification
- Long half life banned in 1972
13Microbial pesticides represent a biodegradable
way to control insects
- Over 100 microbial pathogens have been identified
for insets - These can be genetically altered to increase
their potentency - The genes for these toxins can be placed in our
food plants.
14One such item
- Bacillus thuringiensis produces a toxin (BT
toxin) that is toxic to certain types of insect
larvae that feed on plants. - Drawback only occur in sporulating cells.
- Genes were transferred to Pseudomonas and are
produced all the time. - Work is underway to increase the range of these
toxins and to stabilize the toxins.
15Baculovirus are invertebrate specific DNA viral
proteins
- Has narrow host range
- Organism continues to feed for a time after it is
infected.
16Products from Microorganisms
Primary Metabolites Secondary Metabolites
Amino Acids Antibiotics
Vitamins Pigments
Polysaccharides Toxins
Ethanol Alkaloids
Acetone and Butanol Many pharmacological compounds
17Primary metabolites
- Are produced during an organisms growth phase
18Primary Fermentation
Figure 28.11a
19Secondary metabolites
- Are not essential to cell growth or function.
20Secondary Fermentation
Figure 28.11b
21Enzyme products
Enzyme Use
Lipase Enhances flavor in cheese making
Lactase Lactose free milk products
Protease Detergent additive, clear beer
?-Amylase High fructose corn syrup
Pectinase Reduces cloudiness in wine/juice
TPA Tissue Plasminogen Activator, dissolves blood clots
22Fuels
- Hydrogen from species of Clostridium and
Chlorella - Ethanol (High cost of input, only 12 conversion)
- High temp fermenter
- Use of green waste
23Plastics
- Use of living organism to make complex polymers
- Would all be biodegradable
- Poly beta hydroxyalkanoate
24Metal Extraction
- Extraction of specific metals from flowing water
or oceans - Use of specific transport proteins to remove
certain chemicals
25Biological Leaching of Copper Ores
Figure 28.14a
26What can microorganisms do.
- Microbes can do all the things that we currently
use chemistry and energy to do, we just do not
know how to use the microbes yet. - In the future we will use microorganism to
27- Convert waste into usable items like energy and
food. - Harvest metals from the oceans
- Clean toxic waste
- Deal with hazardous materials that currently
cannot be contained.
28Summary
- We are on a new verge of discovery, same as the
one we went through 5000 years ago, how can we
use microbes, just like with animal and plant
husbandry to make our lives easier.
29Preserving our Food
- A public health process is preserving our food.
- Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
(HACCP) system - Safeguard food from farm to fork
- Designed to prevent contamination
- Identifying where contamination can occur
- Requires monitoring
- Temperature
- For Microbes
30Food Microbiology
- Preserving food is synonymous with preventing
growth of microorganisms
31Modern types of food preservation
- Canning
- Steam under pressure
- Use Clostridium botulinum as a test organism
- Some endospores or thermopiles can survive
commercial sterilization
32Aseptic Packaging
- Sterile contents are added to sterile containers
in an aseptic manner
33Food Preservation
- Presterilized materials assembled into packages
and aseptically filled (Aseptic packaging) - Gamma radiation kills bacteria, insects, and
parasitic worms - High-energy electrons
Figure 28.4
34Radiation and Industrial food preservation
- Gamma radiation can be used to sterilize food,
kill insects and parasitic worms, and prevent the
sprouting of fruits and vegetables
35Discussion
- The Role of the FDA?
- http//www.fda.gov/ see video on anatomy of an
outbreak