A bit of Ch 9 and 28 Applied, Industrial and Biotechnical Microbiology - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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A bit of Ch 9 and 28 Applied, Industrial and Biotechnical Microbiology

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Title: A bit of Ch 9 and 28 Applied, Industrial and Biotechnical Microbiology


1
A bit of Ch 9 and 28 Applied, Industrial and
Biotechnical Microbiology
  • Microbial manufacturing

2
Biotechnology Defined
  • The Use of microorganisms, cells, or cell
    components to make a product.
  • 1/5th of the manufacturing Jobs in the Bay area
    are Biotechnology related.

3
Microorganisms represent an almost limitless
supply of enzymatic reactions
  • May reduce the risks and complexities of
    industrial syntheses
  • Is less expensive
  • By-products are usually less toxic
  • Used in environmental cleanup (In situ)

4
Commercial production of Microorganisms
  • Fermentation projects (Beer and Wine)
  • Biomass where the physical structure of the
    microbe is wanted
  • Baking yeast
  • Edible forms of bacteria (spirulina)
  • Single-cell protein SCP
  • May concentrate toxic compounds
  • Nucleic acids in large numbers are toxic

5
Biotransformation (Bioconversion)
  • Transformation of a chemical added to the medium
    into a commercially valuable compound

6
Fermenter
  • Are structures designed to optimize the growth
    conditions of the specific organisms that we want
  • Control oxygen, ph, medium, temperature and
    nutrients antifoaming
  • Stirred tank reactor
  • Air lift reaction

7
Fermentation Technology
Figure 28.10
8
Two types of ways to grow
  • Continuous fermentation
  • Batch culturing
  • What are the advantages and disadvantages of each
  • Mixed culture fermentation

9
Bioconversions
  • Example, bioconversion of steroids
  • Chemical synthesis requires 37 steps
  • Bioconversion requires 11 steps, reduces the cost
    and shortens the time of manufacturing.
  • How these processes work
  • Use of immobilized cells (cells localized in a
    matrix and the chemical is converted as it flows
    pas the column

10
Microorganism and Agriculture
  • Ice-minus bacteria
  • Pseudomonas syringae promote ice formation at 2C
  • Scientists have used biotechnology to remove the
    gene and these ice-strains can be sprayed on and
    colonize.
  • Is genetically altered
  • EPA has stated that these bacteria use for
    biological control decrease the presence of wild
    type bacteria and this must be registered as
    pesticides. Will greatly increase the cost of
    these products

11
  • Frost Technologies corporation registered with
    EPA a mixture of naturally occurring bacteria

12
Microbial pesticides
  • Why?
  • Troubles with DDT
  • Resistance by insects
  • Biological magnification
  • Long half life banned in 1972

13
Microbial pesticides represent a biodegradable
way to control insects
  • Over 100 microbial pathogens have been identified
    for insets
  • These can be genetically altered to increase
    their potentency
  • The genes for these toxins can be placed in our
    food plants.

14
One such item
  • Bacillus thuringiensis produces a toxin (BT
    toxin) that is toxic to certain types of insect
    larvae that feed on plants.
  • Drawback only occur in sporulating cells.
  • Genes were transferred to Pseudomonas and are
    produced all the time.
  • Work is underway to increase the range of these
    toxins and to stabilize the toxins.

15
Baculovirus are invertebrate specific DNA viral
proteins
  • Has narrow host range
  • Organism continues to feed for a time after it is
    infected.

16
Products from Microorganisms
Primary Metabolites Secondary Metabolites
Amino Acids Antibiotics
Vitamins Pigments
Polysaccharides Toxins
Ethanol Alkaloids
Acetone and Butanol Many pharmacological compounds
17
Primary metabolites
  • Are produced during an organisms growth phase

18
Primary Fermentation
Figure 28.11a
19
Secondary metabolites
  • Are not essential to cell growth or function.

20
Secondary Fermentation
Figure 28.11b
21
Enzyme products
Enzyme Use
Lipase Enhances flavor in cheese making
Lactase Lactose free milk products
Protease Detergent additive, clear beer
?-Amylase High fructose corn syrup
Pectinase Reduces cloudiness in wine/juice
TPA Tissue Plasminogen Activator, dissolves blood clots
22
Fuels
  • Hydrogen from species of Clostridium and
    Chlorella
  • Ethanol (High cost of input, only 12 conversion)
  • High temp fermenter
  • Use of green waste

23
Plastics
  • Use of living organism to make complex polymers
  • Would all be biodegradable
  • Poly beta hydroxyalkanoate

24
Metal Extraction
  • Extraction of specific metals from flowing water
    or oceans
  • Use of specific transport proteins to remove
    certain chemicals

25
Biological Leaching of Copper Ores
Figure 28.14a
26
What can microorganisms do.
  • Microbes can do all the things that we currently
    use chemistry and energy to do, we just do not
    know how to use the microbes yet.
  • In the future we will use microorganism to

27
  • Convert waste into usable items like energy and
    food.
  • Harvest metals from the oceans
  • Clean toxic waste
  • Deal with hazardous materials that currently
    cannot be contained.

28
Summary
  • We are on a new verge of discovery, same as the
    one we went through 5000 years ago, how can we
    use microbes, just like with animal and plant
    husbandry to make our lives easier.

29
Preserving our Food
  • A public health process is preserving our food.
  • Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
    (HACCP) system
  • Safeguard food from farm to fork
  • Designed to prevent contamination
  • Identifying where contamination can occur
  • Requires monitoring
  • Temperature
  • For Microbes

30
Food Microbiology
  • Preserving food is synonymous with preventing
    growth of microorganisms

31
Modern types of food preservation
  • Canning
  • Steam under pressure
  • Use Clostridium botulinum as a test organism
  • Some endospores or thermopiles can survive
    commercial sterilization

32
Aseptic Packaging
  • Sterile contents are added to sterile containers
    in an aseptic manner

33
Food Preservation
  • Presterilized materials assembled into packages
    and aseptically filled (Aseptic packaging)
  • Gamma radiation kills bacteria, insects, and
    parasitic worms
  • High-energy electrons

Figure 28.4
34
Radiation and Industrial food preservation
  • Gamma radiation can be used to sterilize food,
    kill insects and parasitic worms, and prevent the
    sprouting of fruits and vegetables

35
Discussion
  • The Role of the FDA?
  • http//www.fda.gov/ see video on anatomy of an
    outbreak
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