The Nervous System Review PsTL 1082-1/Fall 08

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The Nervous System ReviewPsTL 1082-1/Fall 08

• Modified slides from
• Murray Jensens Originals
• for PsTL 1135
• Images from..
• Loyola University Medical Center
• Lumen Histology Site
• Anatomy TV
• JayDoc HistoWeb
• McGraw Hill

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What is removed in a lobotomy?

• What are some of the prefrontal cortex functions?

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What is a lobotomy?

• It is a surgery that destroys the prefrontal
  cortex--common changes include a major
  personality change
• Prefrontal cortex functions
• planning, moral judgement, and emotional control

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What are the functions of GLIAL CELLS?
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Functions of Glial Cells

• (1) to surround neurons and hold them in place,
• (2) to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons,
• (3) to insulate one neuron from another, and
• (4) to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons.

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More Glial cells
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Which of the following systems are seen in this
image? a. Nervousb. Lymphatic c. Digestived.
Respiratory What is in the blood vessels that is
key to the brain?
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What is in the blood vessels that is key to the
brain? Oxygen!!!
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Blood transports oxygen and other nutrients
necessary for the health of neurons, so a
constant flow of blood to the brain must be
maintained. The brain uses approximately twenty
percent of the body's blood and needs twenty-five
percent of the body's oxygen supply to function
optimally. Approximately 46 milliliters of
oxygen are used by the entire brain in one
minute. During sleep, blood flow to the brain
is increased, but the rate of oxygen consumption
remains the same.
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Neuro-Muscular Junction Whats its function?
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Neuro-Muscular Junction Whats its function? A
NMJ is the synapse or junction of the axon
terminal of a motor neuron with the motor end
plate, where the signal passes through the
neuromuscular junction via the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine.
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What is Myelin?
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As part of the nervous system, myelin lines nerve
fibers to protect and insulate neurons. Myelin
aids in the quick and accurate transmission of
electrical current carrying data from one nerve
cell to the next. When myelin becomes damaged,
the process involves numerous health conditions,
including multiple sclerosis.
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What is myelin made of ?
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What is myelin made of ?Myelin is always made
of lipids of proteins.
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• What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the
  CNS?
• What is the cell that does this function in the
  PNS?
• What is a Node of Ranvier?

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• What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the
  CNS? It makes myelin.
• What is the cell that does this function in the
  PNS? Schwann cells
• What is a Node of Ranvier? the gaps formed
  between myelin sheath cells along axons or nerve
  fibers

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Subdivisions of Nervous System

• Two major anatomical subdivisions
• Central nervous system (CNS)
• brain and spinal cord enclosed in bony coverings
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• nerve bundle of axons in connective tissue
• ganglion swelling of cell bodies in a nerve

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Fundamental Types of Neurons

• What are the functions of Sensory (afferent)
  neurons?
• Where are Interneurons found?
• What are the functions of interneurons?
• There are more interneurons than sensory and
  motor neurons. True/False
• What is the function of Motor (efferent) neurons?
• What are effectors?

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Fundamental Types of Neurons

• Sensory (afferent) neurons
• detect changes in body and external environment
• information transmitted into brain or spinal cord
• Interneurons (association neurons)
• There are more interneurons than sensory and
  motor neurons. True/False
• lie between sensory and motor pathways in CNS
• 90 of our neurons are interneurons
• process, store and retrieve information
• Motor (efferent) neuron
• send signals out to muscles and gland cells
• organs that carry out responses called effectors

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Fundamental Types of Neurons
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Meninges of the BrainWhat are the functions of
the meninges?What are the names of the meninges
in order from superficial to deep?
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Meninges of the BrainWhat are the functions of
the meninges? Their major function is to protect
the CNS.What are the names of the meninges in
order from superficial to deep? The dura mater,
arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
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Meninges of the Brain
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What is cerebrospinal fluid? Where is it
located in the meninges?
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What is cerebrospinal fluid? Where is it located
in the meninges?

• Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear bodily fluid that
  occupies the subarachnoid space and the
  ventricular system around and inside the brain.
  Essentially, the brain "floats" in it.

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What is the function of the cerebrum?
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What is the function of the cerebrum?

• Movement
• Sensory Processing
• Olfaction
• Language and communication
• Learning and Memory

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What is the function of the cerebellum?
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What is the function of the cerebellum?

• regulation and coordination of movement, posture,
  and balance

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What is the difference between a sulcus and a
gyrus?
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• A sulcus is a depression or fissure in the
  surface of the brain.
• A gyrus is a convoluted ridge between anatomical
  grooves.

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What is the corpus callosum?
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What is the corpus callosum?

• bridge between the 2 hemispheres or as the
  highway in the brain upon which information
  passes from one half of the brain to the other.

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More Brain Structures
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What are the functions of the thalamus?
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What are the functions of the thalamus?

• sensory neuron interpretation - pain,
  temperature, light touch and pressure

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What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
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Functions of the hypothalamus?

• 1. controls and regulates the autonomic nervous
  system
• 2. control of body temperature
• 3. rage and aggression
• 4. feeding center
• 5. thirst center
• 6. sleep and consciousness

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More Brain Structures
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More Brain Structures
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What are the functions of the Midbrain?
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What are the functions of the midbrain?

• Medulla Oblongata - swallowing, vomiting,
  coughing, sneezing, and hiccupping,
• Pons (means "bridge") - breathing
• Midbrain - connecting fibers

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Figure 8.21
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Figure 12.12
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Figure 12.20
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Figure 8.13
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Figure 12.13a
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Meningitis

• Inflammation of the meninges
• Disease of infancy and childhood
• between 3 months and 2 years of age
• Bacterial and virus invasion of the CNS by way of
  the nose and throat
• Signs include high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness
  and intense headache and may progress to coma
• Diagnose by examining the CSF
• lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

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Alzheimers Disease

• 100,000 deaths/year
• 11 of population over 65 47 by age 85
• Memory loss for recent events, moody, combative,
  lose ability to talk, walk, and eat
• Diagnosis confirmed at autopsy
• atrophy of gyri (folds) in cerebral cortex
• neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques
• Degeneration of cholinergic neurons and
  deficiency of ACh and nerve growth factors
• Genetic connection confirmed

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Effects of Alzheimers Disease
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Parkinsons Disease

• Progressive loss of motor function beginning in
  50s or 60s -- no recovery
• degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons
• prevents excessive activity in motor centers
• involuntary muscle contractions
• pill-rolling motion, facial rigidity, slurred
  speech,
• illegible handwriting, slow gait
• Treatment drugs and physical therapy
• dopamine precursor crosses brain barrier
• MAO inhibitor slows neural degeneration
• surgical technique to relieve tremors

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• QIdentify the structure (hint Superior view of
  skull)
• A

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• QIdentify the structure (hint Superior view of
  skull)
• A dura mater

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A cerebellum

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• Q Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A fourth ventricle

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• Q Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A cerebrum

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A right cerebral hemisphere

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A left cerebral hemisphere

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A corpus callosum

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A fornix

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A precentral gyrus

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A postcentral gyrus

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• Q Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A longitudinal fissure

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A frontal lobe

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A parietal lobe

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A occipital lobe

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A temporal lobe

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A insular lobe

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• Q Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A lateral ventricles

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• Q Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A third ventricle

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• Q Identify the area shaded in pink
• A

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• Q Identify the area shaded in pink
• A choroid plexus

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A cerebral aqueduct

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A medulla oblongata

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A medulla oblongata

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A pons

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A pons

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• Q Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A midbrain

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
  (hint look at the cross-section diagram)
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
  (hint look at the cross-section diagram)
• A superior colliculi

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A diencephalon

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A thalamus

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A hypothalamus

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A thalamus

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in purple
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in purple
• A pituitary gland

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A pineal body

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A spinal nerve

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A dorsal root ganglion

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A dorsal root

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A ventral root

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• Q Identify the structure shaded in green
• A

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• Q Identify the structure shaded in green
• A dura mater

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• Q Identify the structures highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the structures highlighted in yellow
• A dorsal root ganglion

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• Q Identify the structures highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the structures highlighted in yellow
• A dorsal root ganglion

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A olfactory (CN I)

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A optic (CN II)

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A optic (CN II)

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A oculomotor (CN III)

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A oculormotor (CN III)

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A trochlear (CN IV)

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A trochlear (CN IV)

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A trigeminal (CN V)

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A trigeminal (CN V)

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A abducens (CN VI)

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A facial (CN VII)

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A facial (CV VII)

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A vagus nerve (CN X)

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A vagus nerve (CN X)

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A accessory (CN XI)

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A

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• Q Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A accessory (CN XI)

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• What is this?

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• A hypoglossal (CN XII)

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Concussion

• Bruised Brain!

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Concussion
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Concussion

• Exam checking your memory and concentration,
  vision, hearing, balance, coordination and
  reflexes.
• More severe bleeding or swelling in your skull

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CT scan if necessaryA CT scanner takes multiple
cross-sectional X-rays and combines all the
resulting images to produce detailed,
two-dimensional images of your skull and brain.
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The End

• Quick tip on studying for your next coop quiz and
  Test 3 Answer the questions in the PsTL 1135
  Studyguide, review your notes, and then look up
  the concepts in the textbook after Murray covers
  them in lecture!!!
• Remember to prepare for the exam on Monday,
  November 17 in lecture!!