Industrial Revolution, the Age of Jackson, and the Trail of tears.

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Industrial Revolution,the Age of Jackson,and
the Trail of tears.
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Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution was a major shift of
  technological, socioeconomic, and cultural
  conditions in the 18th century (1700s).
• It started in Britain and spread to America.
  During that time, an economy based on farming was
  replaced by one dominated by industry and
  factories that make machinery.
• It began with new inventions that replaced the
  hand-operated spinning wheels that made cloth.
  (textiles)
• People used to work in their homes and sell what
  they made but now they went to work in factories
  for very low wages.
• New iron-making techniques and the increased use
  of refined coal helped make new and better tools.
  
• Trade increased with the introduction of canals,
  improved roads and railways. The introduction of
  steam powered engines and powered machinery
  (mainly in textile manufacturing) helped to
  increase production of goods dramatically.
• The development of all-metal machine tools in the
  first two decades of the 19th century (1800s)
  helped make tools for other industries where
  production increased as well.

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• Richard Arkwright invented a machine that could
  hold 100 spindles of thread and make cloth
  extremely fast.
• This allowed British factories to increase their
  production of cloth and make huge profits.
• This was so important that the British Parliament
  passed a law forbidding anyone to take the plans
  out of the country and they tried to keep factory
  workers from leaving.
• Samuel Slater memorized the design and went to
  America and opened up his own mill with Moses
  Brown, a Quaker merchant in Rhode Island.
• It was a huge success and other textile mills in
  America were built and we could compete with
  Britain.
• The War of 1812 helped American factories when
  British ships blockaded ports and kept foreign
  goods out. We had to rely on our own factories
  for our goods.

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Factories and hard life.

• Francis Cabot Lowell was an American factory
  owner in Massachusetts who built factories that
  spun thread next to one that made cloth.
• He and his financial partners called the Boston
  Associates next built a single factory with both
  processes under one roof.
• Lowell, Massachusetts. In 1821, after Lowells
  death his partners created an entire town
  dedicated to their factory and named it after
  him. This town had 10,000 people by 1836 and was
  dedicated to making cloth.
• Lowell Girls were young women who worked in the
  factory and lived in a company boarding house.
  The company built a church and made rules to
  protect the young women.

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• Most workers were young women and children
  because their small fingers could work the
  machines easier and the owners could pay them
  less.
• Most workers worked 12 hours a day, 6 days a
  week. Poorer families both children and women
  worked.
• As Competetion increased owners cared less about
  workers and more about production and profit.
• Where farm families worked together on jobs, the
  factories used workers wherever they needed them
  and often the entire family would be working and
  never see each other.

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• An inventer by the name of Eli Whitney increased
  production by making interchangable parts.
• If each part is made by a machine and they are
  all identical then a manufacturer could save time
  and money putting them together and increase
  profits.
• Whitney made his idea pay off when the government
  saved money by buying guns made this way.
• Using this method small factories sprang up
  everywhere.
• Cities grew as farmers moved into cities to find
  work. This is called urbanization.
• Conditions in the cities was poor. No sewers,
  dirty streets, pollution, and garbage in the
  streets made disease a real fear. Fire was a real
  threat to the tightly built apartment buildings.

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New methods of travel and trade.

• Americans moved west along Indian trails and
  along Buffalo paths in their covered wagons.
  There were improvements coming soon.
• Private companies built better gravel and stone
  roads and bridges called turnpikes. A toll, or
  small fee was charged to travel along it.
• In swampy areas a corduroy road would be built
  from a series of logs. It was a bumpy ride.
• The National Road was built by several states
  and ran from Comberland, MD to Wheeling in
  Western VA. It eventually ran all the way to
  Illinois and travelers eagerly used it to get
  west to new land.

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• John Fitch and Robert Fulton improved the steam
  engine and gave steamboats the ability to
  increase trade and transportation along Americas
  rivers.
• Fultons steamboat Clermont took travelers from
  New York to Albany in 62 hours! A record!
• Steamboat Captains raced each other to increase
  trade and offer the fastest service. This
  sometimes led to fires from sparks and exploding
  boilers.
• Between 1811 and 1851, 44 steamboats collided,
  166 burned, and more than 200 exploded.
• If there wasnt a river where farmers needed one
  to transport their crops to market then a canal
  could be built to connect one river or lake to
  another.
• The Erie Canal, an idea supported by New York
  Gov.DeWitt Clinton in 1817 and completed in 1825
  was a huge success.
• The 350 mile long canal linked the Great Lakes to
  the Port of New York through the Mohawk and
  Hudson Rivers.
• The cost of transporting goods dropped 95 and
  made New York an even greater center for
  business. Other cities began to dig canals to get
  the western farmers goods to their cities.

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Democracy in the Age of Jackson

• The election of 1824 had 4 candidates and none
  received more than ½ of the votes. Andrew Jackson
  had more than the other 3 but it was up to the
  House of Representatives to re-vote their states
  electoral votes and elect the President from the
  top 3.
• Henry Clay (4th place) brokered a deal where his
  support would be given to John Quincy Adams if he
  would give him the post of Secretary of State.
• Although this dealmaking is legal and allowed by
  the Constitution Jacksons supporters called it
  the corrupt bargain.
• The election of 1828 was a vicious one and
  candidates traded insults and accusations.
• Jackson won easily and he had the support of the
  common voter and was seen as a man of the people.
  58 of eligible voters participated whereas only
  27 had in previous elections.

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• Suffrage, the right to vote was expanding in
  America. Requirements that voters own property
  were being dropped in many states.
• In western states any free white man over 21
  could vote. This allowed poorer people and small
  craftworkers the ability to vote.
• Some Americans such as women, Native Americans,
  and Free African-Americans and slaves could not
  vote.

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• Jackson was seen as a tough fighter and a
  self-made man. He was orphaned at a young age and
  grew up poor.
• He studied law and was a lawyer and judge and was
  elected to Congress while still in his 20s.
• His success at the Battle of New Orleans and
  against the Creek and Seminole Indians made him
  popular and famous.
• He was a great leader and a man of his word. His
  soldiers called him Old Hickory because he was
  so tough.
• As President he replaced many government
  employees with people who supported him. Other
  Presidents had done the same but he did it on a
  grander scale.
• This was called the Spoils system.

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• Jacksons closest advisors were called his
  kitchen cabinet and these are the people who
  really advised jackson.
• Jackson hated the Bank of the United States and
  thought that it shouldnt have as much power as
  it did.
• The Bank would cut back available money to States
  if they were giving out too many loans. This
  upset western farmers who needed loans for more
  land or supplies.
• Jackson Vetoed the Bank bill that would
  re-charter the bank. He believed that only States
  could charter banks according to the
  Constitution.
• Jackson defeated Henry Clay in 1832 for
  president.
• He ordered that no money be put into the Bank of
  The United States.
• It hurt the country but hurt the bank more. It
  closed in 1836.

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• In 1828 Congress passed the highest tariff in our
  history and it hurt southern and western farmers
  the most.
• The tariff was called the tariff of
  abominations
• Vice President Calhoun resigned and supported
  nullification. Nullification was the idea that
  states could nullify, or get rid of Federal laws
  they didnt like.
• Jackson threatened to send in federal troops if
  South Carolina resisted federal authorities
  trying to collect the tariff money. He also
  threatened to hang Calhoun, who was at the heart
  of the "rebellion" against the tariff. He said
  this was treason against the Union, that it
  violated the Constitution, and he was going to
  meet treason with force as he saw necessary. This
  incident displayed the tension there was in the
  country between the North and South
• States threatened to secede.
• The tariff was lowered and the crisis passed.

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Indian Removal

• White settlers craved the fertile and rich soil
  that the Creek, Choktaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, and
  Seminole Indians lived on.
• Jackson wanted to give the settlers the land and
  protect the Indians. He had the government set
  aside land west of the Mississippi and persuaded
  or forced the Native people to move there.
• The Cherokee fought the removal and the Supreme
  Court agreed with them.
• Jackson refused to enforce the Supreme Courts
  decision.
• In 1830 Jackson supporters passed the Indian
  Removal Act which forced the Native Americans to
  leave their good land and move to a barren desert.

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Trail of Tears

• In 1838 the Army forced 15,000 Cherokee to move.
• 1/4th of them died on the long wintry walk.
• In Florida, Chief Osceola of the Seminole Indians
  refused to leave.
• After 20 million dollars and 1,500 dead soldiers
  the Seminole were defeated.
• It was the costliest war to get native land.