APES Unit 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems

1
APES Unit 2Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems

• La Cañada High School
• Living in the Environment by Miller, 11th Edition

2
Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts

• 3-1 Matter Forms, Structure, and Quality
• 3-2 Energy Forms and Quality
• 3-3 Physical and Chemical Changes and the Law
  of Conservation of Matter
• 3-4 Nuclear Changes
• 3-5 The Two Ironclad Laws of Energy
• 3-6 Connections Matter and Energy Laws and
  Environmental Problems

3
MatterForms, Structure, and Quality

• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up
  space.
• Matter is found in two chemical forms elements
  and compounds.
• Various elements, compounds, or both can be found
  together in mixtures.

4
Solid, Liquid, and Gas
5
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

• Atoms The smallest unit of matter that is unique
  to a particular element.
• Ions Electrically charged atoms or combinations
  of atoms.
• Molecules Combinations of two or more atoms of
  the same or different elements held together by
  chemical bonds.

6
What are Atoms?

• The main building blocks of an atom are
  positively charged PROTONS, uncharged NEUTRONS,
  and negatively charged ELECTRONS
• Each atom has an extremely small center, or
  nucleus, containing protons and neutrons.

7
http//mediaserv.sus.mcgill.ca/content/2004-Winter
/180-Winter/Nuclear/frame0008.htm
8
Atomic Number and Mass Number.

• Atomic number
• The number of protons in the nucleus of each of
  its atoms.
• Mass number
• The total number of protons and neutrons in its
  nucleus.

9

• Elements are organized through the periodic table
  by classifications of metals, metalloids, and
  nonmetals

10
Inorganic Compounds

• All compounds not Organic
• Ionic Compounds
• sodium chloride (NaCl)
• sodium bicarbonate (NaOH)
• Covalent compounds
• hydrogen(H2)
• carbon dioxide (CO2)
• nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
• sulfur dioxide (SO2)
• Ammonia (NH3)

11
Inorganic Compounds

• The earths crust is composed of mostly inorganic
  minerals and rock
• The crust is the source of all most nonrenewable
  resource we use fossil fuels, metallic minerals,
  etc.

Various combinations of only eight elements make
up the bulk of most minerals.
12
Nonmetallic Elements.

• Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S),
  Hydrogen (H), and Phosphorous (P).
• Nonmetallic elements make up about 99 of the
  atoms of all living things.

13
Ionic Compounds

• Structure
• Composed of oppositely-charged ions
• Network of ions held together by attraction
• Ionic bonds
• Forces of attraction between opposite charges

14
Formation of Ionic Compounds

• Transfer of electrons between the atoms of these
  elements
• Atom that is metal loses electrons (oxidation) to
  become positive
• Atom that is nonmetal gains electrons (reduction)
  to become negative
• Results in drastic changes to the elements
  involved

15
http//www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/
redox.gif
16
Sodium Chloride

• Sodium is a rather "soft" metal solid, with a
  silver-grey color
• Chlorine is greenish colored gas
• When a single electron is transferred between
  these elements, their atoms are transformed via a
  violent reaction into a totally different
  substance called, sodium chloride, commonly
  called table salt -- a white, crystalline, and
  brittle solid

17
Covalent Bonds

• Formed by two non-metals
• Similar electronegativities
• Neither atom is "strong" enough to steal
  electrons from the other
• Therefore, the atoms must share the electrons

18
Covalent Bonds

• Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown
• Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons, but
  wants eight
• When unpaired electron is shared, both atoms now
  have a full valence of eight electrons
• Individual atoms are independent, but once the
  bond is formed, energy is released, and the new
  chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single
  particle

19
Organic Compounds

• Compounds containing carbon atoms combined with
  each other with atoms of one or more other
  elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
  sulfur, etc.
• Hydrocarbons
• Compounds of carbon and hydrogen
• Chlorofluorocarbons
• Carbon, chlorine, and fluorine atoms
• Simple carbohydrates
• carbon, hydrogen, oxygen combinations

20
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons
Chlorofluorocarbons
21
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome
P450)
22
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic
Acid (DNA)
23
Earths Crust
24
Matter Quality

• Matter quality is a measure of how useful a
  matter resource is, based in its availability and
  concentration.
• High quality matter is organized, concentrated,
  and usually found near the earths crust.
• Low quality is disorganized, dilute, and has
  little potential for use as a matter resource.

25
High quality Low quality
LOW QUALITY
HIGH QUALITY
26
Energy

• Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer
  heat.
• Energy comes in many forms light, heat, and
  electricity.
• Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has
  because of its mass and its speed or velocity.

27
Electromagnetic Spectrum

• The range of electromagnetic waves, which differ
  in wavelength (distance between successive peaks
  or troughs) and energy content.

28
Kinetic energy.

• Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has
  because of its mass and its speed or velocity.
• It is energy in action or motion.
• Wind, flowing streams, falling rocks,
  electricity, moving car - all have kinetic energy.

29
Potential energy

• Potential energy is stored energy that is
  potential available for use.
• Potential energy can be charged to kinetic
  energy.

30
Energy Quality

• Very High Electricity, Nuclear fission, and
  Concentrated sunlight.
• High Hydrogen gas, Natural gas, and Coal.
• Moderate Normal sunlight, and wood.
• Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
  geothermal energy.

31
Natural Radioactive Decay

• A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes
  spontaneously emit fast moving particles, high
  energy radiation, or both at a fixed rate
• The unstable isotopes are also known as
  radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes

32
Natural Radioactive Decay

• The decay continues until the original isotope
  becomes a stable, nonradioactive isotope
• Until then, the radiation emitted is damaging
  ionizing radiation
• Gamma rays
• Alpha particles
• Beta particles
• After ten half-lifes, the material is said to be
  clean

33
Alpha, Beta, Gamma rays
34
Nuclear Fission

• Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain
  isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart
  into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
• Each fission releases two or three more neutrons
  and energy

35
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission
http//www.atomicarchive.com/Movies/Movie4.shtml
36
Nuclear Fission

• Critical Mass
• Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
  fission reactions to occur

• Chain Reaction
• Multiple fissions within a critical mass
• Releases huge amounts of energy
• Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant

37
The Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy

• In any nuclear change, the total amount of matter
  and energy involved remains the same.
• E mc2
• The energy created by the release of the strong
  nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will
  produce enough energy to elevated the temperature
  of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in
  one day by 10,000oC

38
What is Nuclear Fusion?

• Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two
  isotopes of light elements, such as hydrogen, are
  forced together at extremely high temperatures
  until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus,
  releasing energy in the process.

39
First Law of Thermodynamics

• In all physical and chemical changes
• Energy is neither created nor destroyed
• But it may be converted from one form to another

40
Second Law of Thermodynamics

• When energy is changed from one form to another
• Some of the useful energy is always degraded to
  lower-quality, more dispersed, less useful energy
• Also known as Law of Entropy

41
High Waste Societies

• People continue to use and waste more and more
  energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
• At some point, high-waste societies will become
• UNSUSTAINABLE!

42
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies

• To allow economic growth to continue without
  depleting matter resources or producing excess
  pollution

43
Matter Recycling Societies

• Advantages
• Saves Energy
• Buys Time

• Disadvantages
• Requires high-quality energy which cannot be
  recycled
• Adds waste heat
• No infinite supply of affordable high-quality
  energy available
• Limit to number of times a material can be
  recycled

44
Low Waste Societies

• Works with nature to reduce throughput
• Based on energy flow and matter recycling

45
Low Waste Societies Function

1. Reuse/recycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2. Use potentially renewable resources no faster
   than they are replenished
3. Use matter and energy resources efficiently

46
Low Waste Societies Function

1. Reduce unnecessary consumption
2. Emphasize pollution prevention and waste
   reduction
3. Control population growth

47
Unit 2, Chapter 4

• Ecology, Ecosystems, and Food Webs

48
Chapter 4Ecology, Ecosystems, and Food Webs

• 4-1 Ecology and Life
• 4-2 Earths Life-Support Systems
• 4-3 Ecosystem Concept
• 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in Ecosystems
• 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about Ecosystems?
• 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability

49
4-1 Ecology and Life

• Ecology- study of relationships between organisms
  and their environment
• Ecology examines how organisms interact with
  their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as
  sunlight, temperature, moisture, and vital
  nutrients
• Biotic interaction among organisms, populations,
  communities, ecosystems, and the ecosphere

50
Distinction between Species

• Wild species- one that exists as a population of
  individuals in a natural habitat, ideally similar
  to the one in which its ancestors evolved
• Domesticated species- animals such as cows,
  sheep, food crops, animals in zoos

51
Vocabulary

• Population
• Group of interacting individuals of the same
  species that occupy a specific area at the same
  time
• Genetic Diversity
• Populations that are dynamic groups that change
  in size, age distribution, density, and genetic
  composition as a result of changes in
  environmental conditions

52

• Habitat
• Place where a population or individual organism
  naturally lives
• Community
• Complex interacting network of plants, animals,
  and microorganisms
• Ecosystem
• Community of different species interacting with
  one another and with their nonliving environment
  of matter and energy
• Ecosphere or Biosphere
• All earth's ecosystems

53
What is Life?

• All life shares a set of basic characteristics
• Made of cells that have highly organized internal
  structure and functions
• Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid
  (DNA) molecules in each cell

54
Living Organisms

• Capture and transform matter and energy from
  their environment to supply their needs for
  survival, growth, and reproduction
• Maintain favorable internal conditions, despite
  changes in their external environment through
  homeostasis, if not overstressed

55
Living Organisms

• Perpetuate themselves through reproduction
• Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
  through the process of evolution

56
www.sws.uiuc.edu/nitro/biggraph.asp
57
4-2 Geosphere
58
4-2 Geosphere
59
4-2 Atmosphere

• Thin envelope of air around the planet
• Troposphere
• extends about 17 kilometers above sea level,
  contains nitrogen (78), oxygen(21), and is
  where weather occurs
• Stratosphere
• 17-48 kilometers above sea level, lower portions
  contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of
  the suns ultraviolet radiation

60
4-2 Hydrosphere

• Consists of the earths liquid water, ice, and
  water vapor in the atmosphere

61
What Sustains Life on Earth?

• Life on the earth depends on three interconnected
  factors
• One-way flow of high-quality energy from the sun
• Cycling of matter or nutrients (all atoms, ions,
  or molecules needed for survival by living
  organisms), through all parts of the ecosphere
• Gravity, which allows the planet to hold onto its
  atmosphere and causes the downward movement of
  chemicals in the matter cycles

62
Sun

• Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
• Nuclear fusion
• Sun has existed for 6 billion years
• Sun will stay for another 6.5 billion years
• Visible light that reaches troposphere is the
  ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone

63
Solar Energy

• 72 of solar energy warms the lands
• 0.023 of solar energy is captured by green
  plants and bacteria
• Powers the cycling of matter and weather system
• Distributes heat and fresh water

64
www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/
climch/clichgr1.htm
65
Type of Nutrients

• Nutrient
• Any atom, ion, or molecule an organism needs to
  live grow or reproduce
• Ex carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen etc
• Macronutrient
• nutrient that organisms need in large amount
• Ex phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, iron etc
• Micronutrient
• nutrient that organism need in small amount
• Ex zinc, sodium, copper etc

66
Biomes Large regions characterized by distinct
climate, and specific life-forms

• Climate Long-term weather main factor
  determining what type of life will be in a
  certain area.

67
Ecosphere Separation

• The Ecosphere and its ecosystem can be separated
  into two parts
• Abiotic- nonliving, components
• Ex air, water, solar energy
• Physical and chemical factors that influence
  living organisms
• Biotic- living, components
• Ex plants and animals

68
Range of Tolerance

• Variations in its physical and chemical
  environment
• Differences in genetic makeup, health, and age.
• Ex trout has to live in colder water than bass

69
Limiting Factor

• More important than others in regulating
  population growth
• Ex water light, and soil
• Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth
  of plants

70
Limiting Factor Principle

• too much or too little of any abiotic factor can
  limit growth of population, even if all the other
  factors are at optimum (favorable) range of
  tolerance.
• Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
  soil, even if water, nitrogen are in a optimum
  levels, corn will stop growing, after it uses up
  available phosphorus.

71
Dissolved Oxygen Content

• Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume
  of water at a particular temperature and
  pressure.
• Limiting factor of aquatic ecosystem

72
Salinity

• amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water

73
Living Organisms in Ecosystem

• Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food
  from compound obtained from environment.
• Ex plant gets energy or food from sun

74
Living Organisms in Ecosystem

• Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert
  sunlight, abiotic nutrients to sugars and other
  complex organic compounds
• Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into
  chemical energy

75
(No Transcript)
76

• Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into
  chemical energy, which is stored in complex
  carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid
  in plant tissue

77
Chemosynthesis-

• Bacteria can convert simple compounds from their
  environment into more complex nutrient compound
  without sunlight
• Ex becomes consumed by tubeworms, clams, crabs
• Bacteria can survive in great amount of heat

78
Consumers or Heterotrophs

• Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other
  organisms or their remains

79
Consumers

• Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers
• Feed directly on producers
• Deer, goats, rabbits

http//www.holidays.net/easter/bunny1.htm
80
Consumers

• Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
• Feed only on primary consumer
• Lion, Tiger

81
Consumers

• Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
• Feed only on other carnivores
• Wolf

82
Consumers

• Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and
  animals
• Ex pigs, humans, bears

83
Consumers

• Scavengers- feed on dead organisms
• Vultures, flies, crows, shark

84
Consumers

• Detritivores- live off detritus
• Detritus parts of dead organisms and wastes of
  living organisms.
• Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly
  decomposed organic matter plant debris, and
  animal dung.

85
Consumers

• Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and
  recycle organic materials from organisms wastes
  and from dead organisms
• Food sources for worms and insects
• Biodegradable - can be broken down by decomposers

86
Respiration

• Aerobic Respiration
• Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back
  into carbon dioxide and water
• Glucose oxygen ? Carbon dioxide water
  energy
• Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
• Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen

87
Food Chain

• Food Chain-Series of organisms in which each eats
  or decomposes the preceding one
• Decomposers complete the cycle of matter by
  breaking down organic waste, dead animal. Plant
  litter and garbage.
• Whether dead or alive organisms are potential
  (standard) sources of food for other organisms.

88
Second Law of Energy

• Organisms need high quality chemical energy to
  move, grow and reproduce, and this energy is
  converted into low-quality heat that flows into
  environment
• Trophic levels or feeding levels- Producer is a
  first trophic level, primary consumer is second
  trophic level, secondary consumer is third.
• Decomposers process detritus from all trophic
  levels.

89

• Food Web
• Complex network of interconnected food chains
• Food web and chains
• One-way flow of energy
• Cycling of nutrients through ecosystem

90
Food Webs

• Grazing Food Webs
• Energy and nutrients move from plants to
  herbivores
• Then through an array of carnivores
• Eventually to decomposers

(100,000 Units of Energy)
91
Food Webs

• Grazing Food Webs
• Energy and nutrients move from plants to
  herbivores
• Then through an array of carnivores
• Eventually to decomposers

(1,000 Units of Energy)
92
Food Webs

• Grazing Food Webs
• Energy and nutrients move from plants to
  herbivores
• Then through an array of carnivores
• Eventually to decomposers

(100 Units of Energy)
93
Food Webs

• Grazing Food Webs
• Energy and nutrients move from plants to
  herbivores
• Then through an array of carnivores
• Eventually to decomposers

(10 Units of Energy)
94
Food Webs

• Grazing Food Webs
• Energy and nutrients move from plants to
  herbivores
• Then through an array of carnivores
• Eventually to decomposers

(1 Units of Energy)
95
Food Webs

• Detrital Food Webs
• Organic waste material or detritus is the major
  food source
• Energy flows mainly from producers (plants) to
  decomposers and detritivores.

96
Pyramid of Energy Flow

• More steps or trophic levels in food chain or
  web, greater loss of usable energy as energy
  flows through trophic levels
• More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more
  energy is consumed after each one. Thats why
  food chains and webs rarely have more than 4 steps

97
Pyramid of Energy Flow

• Loss of usable energy as energy flows through
  trophic levels of food chains and webs
• Rarely have more than 4 steps

98
Biomass

• Dry weight of all organic matter contained in
  organisms.
• Biomass is measured in dry weight
• Water is not source of energy or nutrient
• Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of
  all producers
• Useable energy transferred as biomass varies from
  5-20 (10 standard)

99
Pyramid of Biomass

• Storage of biomass at various trophic levels of
  ecosystem

100
Pyramid of Numbers

• Number of organisms at each trophic level

101
http//www.nicksnowden.net/Module_3_pages/ecosyste
ms_energy_flows.htm
102
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

• Rate in which producers convert solar energy into
  chemical energy (biomass) in a given amount of
  time

103
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

• Rate in which energy for use by consumers is
  stored in new biomass of plants
• Measured in kilocalories per square meter per
  year or grams in biomass
• NPP is the limit determining the planets
  carrying capacity for all species.
• 59 of NPP occurs in land / 41 occurs in ocean

104
Ecological Efficiency

• Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic
  level to another.
• 10 ecological efficiency
• 1,000,000 units of energy from sun
• 10,000 units available for green plants
  (photosynthesis)
• 1000 units for herbivores
• 100 units for primary carnivores
• 10 units for secondary carnivores

105
Studying Ecosystems

• FIELD RESEARCH
• Going into nature and observing/measuring the
  structure of ecosystems
• Majority of what we know now comes from this type
• Disadvantage is that it is expensive,
  time-consuming, and difficult to carry out
  experiments due to many variables
• LABORATORY RESEARCH
• Set up, observation, and measurement of model
  ecosystems under laboratory conditions
• Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick
  and cheap
• Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether
  or not result in a laboratory will be the same as
  a result in a complex, natural ecosystem
• SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
• Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real
  ecosystem
• Helps understand large and very complicated
  systems

106
Ecosystem Importance

• Ecosystem services are the natural services or
  earth capital that support life on the earth
• Essential to the quality of human life and to the
  functioning of the worlds economies

107
Ecosystem Importance

• Ecosystem services include
• Controlling and moderating climate
• Providing and renewing air, water, soil
• Recycling vital nutrients through chemical
  cycling
• Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
  sources and nonrenewable minerals
• Furnishing people with food, fiber, medicines,
  timber, and paper

108
Ecosystem Importance

• Ecosystem services include
• Pollinating crops and other plant species
• Absorbing, diluting, and detoxifying many
  pollutants and toxic chemicals
• Helping control populations of pests and disease
  organisms
• Slowing erosion and preventing flooding
• Providing biodiversity of genes and species

109
Why Is Biodiversity So Important?

• Food, wood, fibers, energy, raw materials,
  industrial chemicals, medicines,
• Provides for billions of dollars in the global
  economy
• Provides recycling, purification, and natural
  pest control
• Represents the millions of years of adaptation,
  and is raw material for future adaptations

110
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability

• Use renewable solar energy as energy source
• Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for
  survival, growth, and reproduction

111
Unit 2, Chapter 5

• Nutrient Cycles and Soils

112
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems

• Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles
• Natural processes that recycle nutrients in
  various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from
  the nonliving environment to living organisms and
  back again

113
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open
System)

• Water
• Carbon
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorus

• Sulfur
• Rock
• Soil
• Energy Flow

114
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations

• Hydrosphere
• Water in the form of ice, liquid, and vapor
• Operates local, regional, and global levels
• Atmospheric
• Large portion of a given element (i.e. Nitrogen
  gas) exists in gaseous form in the atmosphere
• Operates local, regional, and global levels
• Sedimentary
• The element does not have a gaseous phase or its
  gaseous compounds dont make up a significant
  portion of its supply
• Operates local and regional basis

115
Nutrient Cycling Ecosystem Sustainability

• Natural ecosystems tend to balance
• Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
• Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater
• Nutrient loss from soils
• Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the
  nitrogen cycle is a contributes to global
  warming, ozone depletion, air pollution, and loss
  of biodiversity
• Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human
  activities