Spatial Economics

1
Spatial Economics

• Primary Sector Agriculture and Extraction
• Covered last chapter
• Secondary Sector Manufacturing
• Tertiary Sector Services
• Pay Scales
• Primary 0 ?
• Secondary ?
• Tertiary ?

2
Industry Manufacturing

• http//www.china-consulting-sourcing.com/Img/xin_b
  18be03cc16511d69cfb00c04f4adb90.jpg
• http//www.tickintsofcentralohio.org/images/Histor
  ical/MODEL_T_ASSEMBLY_LINE.jpg
• http//faculty.virginia.edu/hius341/images/objects
  /fordassemblyline.jpg

3
Beginnings Cottage Industry

• http//www.fao.org/docrep/w9500e/w9500e72.jpg

4
Steam Engine, by James Watt

• Heralded the Industrial Revolution
• Pumped mine water
• Drove machinery
• Drove railroad engines
• (Before the steam engine, machinery driven
  manually, by wind, or by water.)

http//www.glasgowmuseums.com/assets/slideShows/Wa
tt20Steam20Engine.jpg
5
Steam Application Locomotive, Railroad

• Faster, more efficient land transportation, with
  larger loads
• Steam engine wheels rails
• U.K. ? Germany France, U.S., etc.
• Engines considerably sped up local development.

• http//library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01249/imagesc/
  locomotive.jpg

6
Example Smithsonian Museum(Modern Museum of
Industries)

• http//sc94.ameslab.gov/TOUR/smithsonian.gif

7
Land Cost Example Tokyo Bay

• Purple is built-up.
• Green is vegetation
• High land rents
• Land built in the bay

• http//www.gdrc.org/oceans/un-seahorse/images/toky
  o-bay.gif

8
Density ? Higher land rent

• http//homepage1.nifty.com/sukusuku/photo/tdr/2003
  /020-tokyo-bay.jpg

9
Educated Large Labor Force ? Growth

• http//www.benchmarkstaffing.com/images/pics/clien
  t_img.gif

10
Skilled labor ? higher productivity, profits

• Key to manufacturing
• Literacy
• Technical skills
• Strong in EU, US, Russia, China, etc.
• Weak in Africa, parts of Asia and S. America

• http//www.benchmarkstaffing.com/images/pics/clien
  t_img.gif

11
Lax Laws Child Labor ? more profits
? Then U.S.
Now Third World?

• Information http//www.historyplace.com/unitedsta
  tes/childlabor/
• http//www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabo
  r/empty.jpg
• http//www.kenlight.com/photos/childlabor/beads.jp
  g

12
Site Capital and Interest Rates

• Negotiable
• Varies by country, and over time
• Sometimes varies by region, site

http//www.norges-bank.no/english/speeches/annual-
2004/charts/chart1.gif
13
Situation Bulk Reducing Copper
Processing reduces shipping costs.

• http//mining.ubc.ca/cimarchive/Smelter/AnodCast/1
  0000039.JPG, http//www.lpl.arizona.edu/wegryn/im
  ages/Morenci3.JPG
• http//stoner.eps.mcgill.ca/HomeImage/open_pit_cop
  per_mine_arizona.jpg

14
Situation Bulk GainingLocations near the
customer

• Reduces distribution costs by adding bulk near
  the consumer.
• Example, Coke Just add water and carbonation

• http//www.texasescapes.com/Signs/CocaCola/CocaCol
  aRoswellNewMexicoCBarclayGibson.jpg

15
By-products Steel Mills ?Pollution

• http//www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/images/0Ch
  inaBeijSteelPol.jpg

16
Transportation

• Transportation part of services sector (Tertiary
  sector, next chapter.)
• Picking sites with good transportation at the
  location is a site decision.
• Location central to customers, and near
  transportation modes, are situation decisions.

http//www.theclydebankstory.com/images/TCSM00108_
m.jpg http//www.speakeasy.org/peterc/nicaragua/d
rycanal/containr/images/dblstac1.jpg http//www.ai
rliners.nl/images/DAS_Air_Cargo_280204.jpg
17
Market Decline and Stagnation

• Market Decline can destroy companies , while
  stagnation stalls growth.
• http//3.bp.blogspot.com/_4jIlyJ10uJU/TPFEHXh6K9I/
  AAAAAAAAKic/ICj7os7vJFU/s1600/Sur2BGoods.JPG

18
Stagnation Agricultural Sector and Trade

• Demand is flat, sometimes declining!
• No market growth ? little incentive to enter
  market.
• (Example grains, from agriculture, same principle
  works here.
• http//www.fas.usda.gov/grain/circular/1999/99-05/
  graint3.gif

19
Problem Capacity Exceeds Demand

• Could be SUVs, Trucks Remember the present and
  past.
• Storyhttp//www.potashcorp.com/investor_relation
  s/investor_overview/industry_overview/2005/phospha
  te/page_19.zsp
• Image http//www.potashcorp.com/common/images/con
  tent_images/markets/industry_overview/2005/graphs/
  S519_New-DAP-Cap-vs-Demand.gif

20
Increasing Product Supply

• Plastic Stuff
• When you get your plastic stuff, see where it
  comes from.
• Japan
• Korea
• China
• India
• Shoes
• When you shop for shoes, look at the tags.
• Was Indonesia (but we boycotted sweat shops, so)
• Now made in China

21
Resource Demand Oil

• Increased demand, but old supplies dwindle
• More demand, less supply ? higher prices
• http//www.kkrva.se/images/energi/priddle2.jpg

22
US Petroleum Supply, Energy Use

• Total demand increases
• Local production falls
• Foreign oil purchases, dependency
• Foreign oil supply and foreign policy are
  critical.
• Images http//www.azgs.az.gov/images/winter0106.g
  if http//www.cpast.org/Articles/Artfiles/000/000/
  014/f14_6.gif

23
Innovation Assembly Line

• http//www.tickintsofcentralohio.org/images/Histor
  ical/MODEL_T_ASSEMBLY_LINE.jpg
• http//faculty.virginia.edu/hius341/images/objects
  /fordassemblyline.jpg

24
MDC perspectives

• Trading Blocks Example of cooperation
• Politics chapter
• Competitive trade advantages (NAFTA, OPEC, )
• Internal disparities within countries and unions
• areas of growth and decline
• (Rust Belt, RD regions such as Silicon Valley)
• Older, shrinking established populations,
  immigration
• Population and Migration,
• (Western E.U. and Japan, Scandinavia, Russia)
• Transnational Corporations
• Globalization of production
• Outsourcing

25
LDC perspectives

• More Disadvantages
• distance to (external) markets,
• inadequate infrastructure (transportation,
  communications, goods, services, tools, machines)
  
• entrenched competition,
• inconsistent governance and laws,
• government instability,
• low literacy
• More Advantages
• low labor costs,
• local raw materials (if any)
• fewer legal restrictions, (e.g. easier to
  pollute)
• Large labor pools
• Few or no benefits (health, retirement, vacation,
  etc.)

26
Services

• Service
• Any activity that fulfills a human want or need
  and returns money to those who provide it.
• (Not Manufacturing)
• Not people making stuff.

27
Service Types

• Consumer Services
• Services for people who enjoy them
• Retail Services sales to individual consumers
• Personal Services services for the well being
  and personal improvement of individual consumers.
  
• Producer Services
• Services for people who use services for their
  work.
• banks, insurance, real estate, financial, law,
  engineering, wholesale
• Transportation and Information Services,
• Railroads, trucking, phone, airlines, UPS, cable
• Public Services
• Provide security and protection for citizens and
  businesses
• Provide benefits to society as a whole.
• (Includes teaching)

28
Situation patterns

• Dispersed Settlements
• more self-sufficient,
• lower demand for goods/services
• Example Mid-Atlantic US ? Midwest
• Clustered Settlements
• more interdependent
• produce better goods by specializing
• Examples New England, Europe

29
Site Patterns

• Circular (defensible),
• Linear (along rivers, roads),
• Grid (Chang-An, Nara, Kyoto),
• Long-lot (France, Canada)

30
Central Place Theory

• (important!)
• (What do I do when things are important?)
• Why is it important?
• Helps explain the distribution of services, and
  why a regular pattern develops.
• Helps explain migration patterns.
• Half of the explanation for cities, the next
  chapter.

31
Threshold and Range

• Threshold minimum population required to
  survive.
• Range maximum distance people travel for a
  service.
• http//teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/APHG/U
  nit206/urbannotes_files/image002.jpg

32
Increasing Competition

• A Less competition circles
• B More competition overlapping service ranges
• C Select the closest store ? lines service
  boundaries
• This produces hexagons.
• http//www.csiss.org/learning_resources/content/g5
  /materials/G5_Image_Library/de_Blij_figures/IMAGE_
  56.JPG

33
Hexagon Basic shape

• Highly competitive market
• all areas are served.
• Equal services
• Go to the closest service.
• Boundaries form the lines of a hexagon.
• http//www.uwec.edu/Geography/Ivogeler/w111/circle
  4.gif

34
3

• http//www-personal.umich.edu/sarhaus/courses/NRE
  501_W1999/501w/cptk7.jpg

35
Central Place Theory Pattern

• Stores requiring a larger market threshold must
  serve more than one settlement to survive. These
  stores serve a market area encompassing
  neighboring settlements within their range.
• If the range encompasses one neighboring
  settlement, it encompasses all six.

36
Central Place Theory Pattern

• This results in hexagons containing 7
  settlements. The central settlements contain
  these (larger market threshold and range) stores
  serving more communities are larger, and are also
  known as more central places. (This gives the
  name to the theory.)
• Stores with still larger thresholds and ranges
  encompass clusters of these larger communities,
  and are located at cluster centers.

37
Applied Central Place Theory

• CPT pattern affects migration
• Jobs,
• services,
• convenience
• Concentration and mixture of cultures,
  development of subcultures
• Faster dispersion of
• new ideas, activities, things,
• cultural change

38
Rank Size

• Small Towns serve local region, with small range
  stores that contain the population threshold.
• Castroville often, small store, gas, motel?
• Medium Towns Sell to small towns within a larger
  local region or service area.
• King City supermarkets, auto sales, mall CBD
• Small Cities Serve medium towns within an even
  larger region.
• Salinas Wal-mart/K-Mart/Cosco, Community College
• Larger Cities Market to small cities within an
  increasing, larger service area
• San Jose University, convention center,
  international airport, wide range of services

39
Largest City Comparisons

• Rank Size Rule (pattern) The nth city (or city
  rank) has approximately 1/n the population of
  the largest city.
• When the rank size rule does not work for the
  second city, the first city is extremely
  dominant.
• Primate City Rule (pattern) The largest city in
  a region has more than twice the population of
  the second largest city.
• You have one OR the other, but not both!

40
Cities History

• Ancient cities ex Ur, Chang-an, Athens, Rome
  (wall, temples, market, housing, road networks)
• City states independent self-governing
  communities that included a nearby countryside
• Medieval cities ex Paris, London (often
  charters of rights, more personal freedom/less
  serfdom)
• Modern World Cities ex NYC/Tokyo/London (global
  reach/service area, e.g. finance, influence)

41
Central Place Theory Review

• A threshold population is needed for success
• This population must be in range for them to buy.
• With overlapping ranges, people pick closest
  store.
• (This defines the service area in the simplest
  case.)
• Hexagons result from closest packing.
• Then, services need a threshold (population)
  within the service area.
• A beehive pattern is optimal for consumer access.
• We find a nested pattern of larger and smaller
  communities, larger communities also have stores
  with larger range, serving smaller communities.

42
Resource Issues

• Manufacturing and Services Environment and
  Economics

43
Total energy consumption per capita

• Kilograms of oil equivalent (kgoe) per person

http//earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/results.p
hp?years1990-1990,2000-2000,2003-2003variable_ID
351theme6cID26,38,63,70,85,122,189,190ccID0
,9,10
44
Global carbon consumption per capita

• (Down? Not. Population still increases.)  

http//earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/results.p
hp?theme3years1980-1980,1990-1990,2000-2000var
iable_ID466cID38,63,70,85,122,189,190ccID0,9,
10years_rev1
45
Resources

• Energy
• Petroleum
• Natural Gas
• Coal
• Nuclear
• Minerals
• Ferrous Iron, et. al.
• Non-Ferrous Many more.
• Crucial to the world as we know it today.

46
Pollution

• Pollution occurs when more waste products are
  generated than a resource (local system) can
  accommodate.
• Natural
• Volcanoes, Floods, etc.
• Human
• Manufacturing
• Transportation
• Consumption
• Discarded products
• Waste Products

47
By-products Solid Pollution

• http//www.pools-hottubs.com/Dump201.JPG

48
Land and Water Pollution Tailings

• Tailings
• Leavings of the mine
• Unwanted by-product
• Tailings also produce
• Dust
• Contaminated runoff
• http//www.robinsonforest.org/mining/strip_mine_ru
  noff.jpg

49
Mining and Mountain Topping

• http//www.pbs.org/independentlens/razingappalachi
  a/images/home_left.jpg

50
Abandoned industries Superfund sites

• http//www.blm.gov/aml/graphics/pregpond.jpg
• BLM abandoned mine work http//www.blm.gov/aml/al
  phindex_aml.htm

51
By-products Liquid Pollution

• Agricultural
• Manufacturing
• Services
• Sewage
• http//www.motherjones.com/news/featurex/2006/03/r
  unoff_265x347.jpg

52
Population and Consumption What happens if the
present population increases consumption to the
present first world consumption rate?

• Use present consumption information
• Compare the industrial world and the rest of the
  world.
• Set the world to industrialized world consumption
• Compare present and fully industrialized
  consumption.

53
1) Find a relative consumption factor

• MDCs
• 20 of population uses 80 of resources.
• 0.2 R1 0.8
• R1 0.8 / 0.2 4
• (4 AVERAGE!)
• LDCs
• 80 of population uses 20 of resources.
• 0.8 R2 0.2
• R2 0.2 / 0.8 0.25
• (1/4 OF AVERAGE!)

54
2) Compare the MDCs and LDCs

• Try a ratio
• R1 / R2 4 / 0.25
• R1 / R2 16
• If still true, the First World (MDCs)
• uses 16 times the amount of resources
• per capita as the rest of the world.
• (Amazing!)

55
3) Set the world to MDC consumption

• Old total consumption
• (MDCs) (Everyone Else) 1
• (20 4) (80 .25) 1
• Fully industrialized total consumption
• 100 4 4
• 4 present average (Problem!)

56
Q1 Is this supportable? Realistic?

• We would run out of oil approx. 4 times as fast.
• We would have 4 the demand for raw materials.
• We would have 4 the demand for steel and other
  industrial products.
• The world would in theory eat a similar calorie
  and meat diet.
• The world also would adopt our approach
  wholesale.
• (All are doubtful.)

57
(Another Estimate)
http//www.uwsp.edu/business/economicswisconsin/e_
lecture/pop_images/pop_growth.jpg

• Article World Population Change Boom or Bust?
• http//www.uwsp.edu/business/economicswisconsin/e_
  lecture/pop_sum.htm

58
When do we run out? What do we do?

• Assumptions are used in each model
• Proven Reserves,
• Potential Reserves,
• Reasonable production costs,
• Note This estimate assumes no coal, nuclear by
  2050, but both are now major contributions.
• Is this the best mix?
• What is best? Why?
• Who picks? How?

http//www.hdg-online.net/data/comp_images/1248/02
02_29_tab1_e.jpg
59
Local, Regional, Global Effects

• Sources
• Transportation
• Energy consumption
• Manufacturing

http//www.torontoenvironment.org/image/view/154 h
ttp//www.wnbiodiesel.com/smog.jpg
60
Local ? Regional Smog in China
http//www.osei.noaa.gov/Events/Unique/Smog/2004/U
NIchina008_MO.jpg

• http//www.osei.noaa.gov/Events/Unique/Smog/2004/U
  NIchina008_MO.jpg

61
Smog combustion engines, industry

• http//users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyP
  ages/P/photochemical_smog.gif

62
Oil Drilling used to be easy.

• http//www.bfcollection.net/indphoto/jpg/02294s.jp
  g

63
Harder Sites Offshore Oil, and Slicks

• Background
• Oil platform
• Foreground
• Oil Slick
• Site
• Santa Barbara Channel

http//www.countyofsb.org/energy/images/1969Blowou
t.jpg http//images.google.com/imgres?imgurlhttp
//www.countyofsb.org/energy/images/1969Blowout.jpg
imgrefurlhttp//www.countyofsb.org/energy/inform
ation/1969blowout.asph374w255sz23hlenstar
t13tbnidubcKu3hGTJKE2Mtbnh122tbnw83prev/
images3Fq3Doil2Bplatform26svnum3D1026hl3Den
26lr3D26safe3Doff26client3Dfirefox-a26rls3
Dorg.mozillaen-USofficial_s26sa3DG (Text)
64
US Petroleum Supply, Energy Use

• Total demand increases
• Local production falls
• Foreign oil purchases dependency
• Foreign oil supply and foreign policy become
  critical.
• Images http//www.azgs.az.gov/images/winter0106.g
  if http//www.cpast.org/Articles/Artfiles/000/000/
  014/f14_6.gif

65
We do not control our oil future.

• (Relate to ANWR.)
• Image http//oil.server4.com/temp9.gif

66
Resource Demand Oil

• Increased Demand, but old supplies dwindle
• New supplies are more costly.
• More demand, less supply ? higher prices
• http//www.kkrva.se/images/energi/priddle2.jpg

67
Oil Reserves

• Extract from proven reserves.
• Note location and regional (in)stability.

http//www.radford.edu/wkovarik/oil/proved.versus
2.gif http//images.google.com/imgres?imgurlhttp
//www.radford.edu/wkovarik/oil/proved.versus2.gif
imgrefurlhttp//www.radford.edu/wkovarik/oil/in
dex2.htmlh404w550sz21hlenstart2tbnidq4
1euhCtAOLmeMtbnh98tbnw133prev/images3Fq3D
proven2Boil2Bsupply2Bworld26svnum3D1026hl3D
en26lr3D26safe3Doff26client3Dfirefox-a26rls
3Dorg.mozillaen-USofficial_s26sa3DG
68
What are Recoverable, Unconventional?

• Unconventional
• Tar Sands
• Oil Shale
• Recoverable
• Re-tapping old fields (See fracking, and
  associate risks.)
• Many extraction efforts need new technologies
• Deeper wells
• Deep-sea drilling
• Specialized extraction techniques
• Many to be determined, developed, or tested,
  risks evaluated.
• If the oil is not recoverable, we run out.
• If the oil is recoverable, we pay more and we
  pollute more.

69
Pollution Air / Thermal

• Local
• Smog,
• Surface Ozone,
• Inversions,
• Heat Islands
• Regional
• Smog,
• Acid Rain,
• Changes in rainfall patterns
• Global
• Warming
• Greenhouse Gases
• Ozone Hole
• CFCs, etc.

http//www.battelle.org/environment/images/air1.jp
g
70
Local Temperature Heat Island Effect

• This localized effect is different from global
  warming. It is caused by energy use (air
  conditioning, cars, industries, etc.)
• Source URL http//adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/perspect
  ive/images/health_fig2_e.jpg

71
Regional Effect

• Acid Rain
• Reduces agricultural output
• Harms species
• Impacts ecosystems
• Ex Black Forest, Europe
• Ex Eastern US

72
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

• http//www.environment.sa.gov.au/sustainability/im
  ages/greenhouse_effect.jpg

73

• http//atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/climate
  change/figure_4.jpg

74
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

• The greenhouse effect is natural. Gases absorb
  and re-radiate a lot of energy.
• Gases CO2, CH4, H2O, NOx, etc.
• The enhanced greenhouse effect is the additional
  human contribution to those greenhouse gases.
• The enhanced greenhouse effect is caused in large
  part by fossil fuel use, including manufacturing,
  transportation, and shipping.
• There are other contributions
• Cow flatulence,
• Rice patties

75
Why add the word enhanced?

• You are more correct.
• You sound more intelligent.
• You indicate more of the big picture. (!!!)
• The greenhouse effect exists without us.
• Humans enhance it (by burning fossil fuels, etc.)
• Without the greenhouse effect, the world would be
  a cold place to live.
• With the enhanced greenhouse effect, the world
  will be a hotter place to live than it has been.

76
Global Warming Notable

• Abnormal

• http//www.grinningplanet.com/2004/01-27/global-wa
  rming-1000-v2.gif

77
Causes IdentifiableEx Consistent Annual CO2
rise

• http//www.uigi.com/mauna_loa_co2.GIF

78
ProblemEstimableGases ? energy storage in
the atmosphere.

• http//www.research.noaa.gov/climate/images/observ
  ing3.gif

79
Present Effects Predictable

• We can model aspects of global warming..
• Models are incomplete, (always will be), but
  sufficient for prediction.

http//www.ucar.edu/research/climate/images/pcmens
embles.jpg
80
Sea Level Rise

Seas response lags as the oceans absorb
temperature and slowly expand. Land glacial melt
combines with this. http//membrane.com/sidd/tope
xjason2004.jpg
81
Effects are notable. Rate of future change is
uncertain.

• Glacial retreat (mountain and continental)
• Sea level rise
• Land loss, population displacement
• More extreme events
• Stronger storms
• Hotter summers
• More heat wave related deaths are expected.
• More droughts
• Poorer crop production is likely.
• Stronger winter cold weather events (!)
• Heat engine more heat ? more circulation.

82
Consequences are expected, but when?

• Sea level rise
• Southeast US 8 m.
• Greenland Ice Cap 7 m.
• Note Miami, New Orleans, US East Coast cities

http//www.benfieldhrc.org/climate_change/sea_leve
l_rise/UK7m.rise.jpg
http//www.gfdl.noaa.gov/tk/climate_dynamics/fig5
.gif

• http//www.fao.org/sd/SDimages/EIre0045.GIF

83
Now for the bad news

• Long-term consequences of this initial change are
  difficult to calculate.
• There are positive and negative feedbacks that
  complicate the long-term results, including
• Economics
• Population Growth
• Energy Efficiency
• Energy Sources,
• New Technologies
• Technology adoption

84
Why is it taking so long?

• Greenhouse gases take time to be absorbed.
• Greenhouse gas production is going up, not down.
• New habits and technologies (translation, you)
  are needed.
• Any new states and transitions will take time to
  complete. Example oceans.
• Sea level rise is a function of amount of water
  and its temperature.
• The oceans heat up slowly over time, matching the
  surface temperature regime over centuries. The
  effect is cumulative, but glacially slow.

85
Alternative Energy Source Options

• Solar
• Needs dependable sunlight.
• Wind
• Needs dependable high winds.
• Bio-fuel
• Takes much farmland from food production.
• Low total yields.
• Fission (?) Fusion (???)
• Still in search of solutions radiation,
  efficiency
• Hydrogen (??) This is a storage medium, e.g.
  hydrogen cells
• Need an energy source for splitting water. (N/A)
• This is actually like a battery. It stores energy.

86
Option Solar

• Needs reliable sunlight
• Southwest
• More flexible than wind
• Can place on objects
• Rooftops, etc.
• Often related do demand
• Hot sunny days ? want A/C
• Not good everywhere
• Bad in the North in Winter
• New England.
• Midwest

http//www.solartude.net/solar_farm_1.jpg http//w
ww.greenprophet.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/bri
ghtsource2_620px111-499x394.jpg
87
Option Wind

• Strong winds
• Reliable winds
• Few people
• Not popular
• NIMBY
• Noisy
• Kills birds
• Visual intrusion

http//www.tva.gov/news/files/buffmtn/turbines3.jp
g
88
Option Hydro-power

• Needs
• water,
• reservoir
• (head)
• Environmental concerns, siltation

• http//www.arizona-leisure.com/gfx/hoover-dam-phot
  o-3.gif

89
(Another Estimate)
http//www.uwsp.edu/business/economicswisconsin/e_
lecture/pop_images/pop_growth.jpg

• World Population Change Boom or Bust?
• http//www.uwsp.edu/business/economicswisconsin/e_
  lecture/pop_sum.htm

90
LULU Locally Undesirable Land Use

• Everyone wants some products.
• No-one wants waste products, etc.
• Many want new stuff
• Few want the old junk.
• We make them and dump them someplace. Where?
• Not in my back yard! (NIMBY)
• So Whose back yard?

http//www-csgc.ucsd.edu/STORIES/DNPP.02Lo.jpg
http//www.pools-hottubs.com/Dump201.JPG
91
1/3 of Nuclear Power production is in the U.S.

• (Where is this?)

http//www-csgc.ucsd.edu/STORIES/DNPP.02Lo.jpg
92
Nuclear Power Concerns

• Accidents
• Chernobyl
• Terrorism
• Bomb Material
• Theft or sale
• LULU
• Thermal Pollution
• Radiation
• I understand that radiation from coal plants is
  comparable.

http//www.bb-elec.com/images/nuclear-power-plant-
closer.jpg
93
HDI and Consumption

• Compare US, Japan, Brazil
• Source URL http//www.lib.utah.edu/gould/1998/Fig
  ure_9.gif
• Source info http//www.lib.utah.edu/gould/1998/le
  cture98.html

94
Combating Pollution

• Recycle reusable resources.
• Change discarded items from waste products to
  resources.
• Reduce consumption.
• Reduce waste produced in manufacture and
  distribution.
• Reuse components.
• Includes re-purposing.
• Research less polluting methods
• Includes changing products, and changing methods.
• Replace present polluting methods with better
  methods.
• We already have some alternative methods that
  work. (Prev. slides.)

95
Questions?

• Comments?

96
Combating Pollution (repeat)

• Recycle reusable resources.
• Reduce consumption.
• Reuse components until they die.
• Research less polluting methods
• Replace present polluting methods with better
  methods.
• Have a Merry Christmas!
• (Happy Consumption Festival!)
• (or) have a happy vacation!
• (Consume wisely.)