Technical Search Training

1
Technical Search Training

• Global Positioning System Overview
• and
• How to Use Garmin GPSmap 60C(Sx) GPS Unit

2
Enabling Objectives

• Review the basic components of the GPS system
• Overview of the GPS training that will be covered
  during the PTT course
• Overview of Garmin software to the Planning Team
  functions

3
Planning Team GPS Training

• Components GPS/NAVSTAR
• Features Operation of the GPS Unit
• Operation of the Computer Interface System
• Mapping Cartography
• Navigation with a GPS Unit and a Map
• Using a GPS in USR Operations

4
Basic Components of GPS

• GPS Receiver
• Computer Mapping Software
• GPS Use with Maps
• GPS Use in the Planning Team Setting

5
Planning Team Benefits

• Better Routing
• More Accurate Mapping
• More Accurate Documentation
• Enhanced Communications
• Quick Response to Disaster Site
• Limitations

6
What is GPS?

• GPS Global Positioning System
• System consists of 24 Satellites
• 21 Operational
• 3 Spares
• Managed by NAVSTAR GPS Joint Program Office,
  located at Los Angeles Air Force Base
• Very low power radio signals (50w)
• Free to use

7
Four Primary Functions

• Provides a position and coordinates.
• Can calculate distance direction between any
  two waypoints, or a position and a waypoint.
• Provides travel progress reports.
• Accurate time measurement.

8

• Space Segment
• 24 satellites
• Alt. of 20,000 km
• 12 hr orbit
• Radio signals

NAVSTAR 3 Segments

• User Segment
• The GPS
• GPS User

• Control Segment
• 5 control worldwide stations
• Corrects orbit / time info

GroundAntennas
Master Station
Monitor Stations
9
How Does GPS Work?

• Almanac Data
• Continuously Transmitted
• Informs on Receiver Location
• Periodically Updated
• Hot Cold Start-Up
• Ephemeris Data
• Orbital and Corrected Data
• Valid for 4 to 6 hours
• Status of Satellite
• Essential for determining position

10
How a Receiver Determines Its Position
11
Signal from one satellite
The receiver is somewhere on this sphere.
12
Signals From Two Satellites
13
Three Satellites (2D Positioning)
14
Three Dimensional (3D) Positioning
15
Selective Availability (S/A)

• The Department of Defense dithered the
  satellite time message.
• S/A was designed to prevent GPS from being used
  against us
• May 2000 the Pentagon reduced S/A to zero meters
  error.
• Can be reactivated any time.

16
Real Time Differential GPS (DGPS)
Garmin V Screen
DGPS Site
17
USCG NDGPS Ground Stations
18
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)

• Corrects GPS satellite orbit clock drift plus
  signal delays caused by the atmosphere
• 25 ground reference stations
• 2 master stations
• 2 geostationary satellites

19
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
With Selective Availability set to zero, and
under ideal conditions, a GPS receiver without
WAAS can achieve fifteen meter accuracy most of
the time.
- 15 m
-3 m
Under ideal conditions a WAAS equipped GPS
receiver can achieve three meter accuracy 95 of
the time.
Precision depends on good satellite geometry,
open sky view, and no user induced errors.
20
Sources of GPS Errors

• Satellite Clocks
• Orbital Errors
• Ionosphere
• Receiver Noise
• Multi-path
• Selective Availability
• User Error (up to a km or more)

Errors are cumulative!
21
Sources of GPS Errors
22
Receiver Errors Are Cumulative
System and other flaws lt 9 meters
User error - 1 km
23
Minimizing User Errors

• Keep the antenna directed skyward for best
  reception
• Keep the GPS away from your body
• Always verify your GPS is set to the correct
  DATUM and coordinate system
• Always verify you are receiving enough signals
  before making critical navigational decisions

24
Ideal Satellite Geometry
25
Poor Satellite Geometry
26
Review

• Satellites have very low power
• Be aware of interference obstructions
• Cold vs. Warm startup issues
• Always keep extra batteries
• Try to obtain 3D (DGPS) positioning
• Keep a paper map as a backup

27
Technical Search Training

• How To Use
• Garmin GPSmap 60C(Sx) GPS Unit

28
Terminal Objective

• At the conclusion of this session, the
  participant will be able to operate and
  understand the functions of the Garmin GPSmap
  60C(Sx) GPS .

29
Enabling Objectives

• Understand GPS unit controls.
• Describe GPS unit pages.
• Clear out track logs, routes, waypoints.
• Set up a GPS unit.
• Make a track log, create waypoints, project
  waypoints.
• Navigate to waypoints, addresses, points of
  interest using the Find function.
• Use the Track Back feature.
• Create a route.

30
Garmin GPSmap 60C(Sx) Features
31
The GPSmap Key Layout
POWER Key
IN/OUT Zoom Keys
ROCKER Key
FIND/MOB Key
PAGE/COMPASS Key
MARK Key
MENU Key
QUIT Key
ENTR Key
32
Power Considerations

• Two AA batteries, USB cable, 12v DC adapter
• Battery Life 18 hours
• Alkaline batteries lose capacity in low temps
• Lithium batteries in below freezing temperatures
• Extensive use of backlighting, electronic
  compass, and audible tones significantly reduce
  battery life

Battery Compartment
Memory Card Location
33
Power On the GPS

• Press and hold the Power key
• Title screen appears
• Satellite status page

Title Screen
Satellite Status
34
Satellite Status Page
Searching / Aquiring
2D Fix (3 Satellites)

• Horizon
• 45º from the horizon

• Heading bug travel direction
• Satellite signal strength

3D Fix (4 Satellites)
35
Main Pages

• Cycle through pages using PAGE or QUIT

Satellite
Trip
Map
Compass
Altimeter (CSx Model)
Main Menu
36
Main Menu

• Press MENU button twice for Main Menu

2 X
37
Main Menu
Battery Power / Level
Auxiliary Power
Searching / Aquiring
2D Fix (3 Satellites)
3D Fix (4 Satellites)
Backlight Usage
USB Cable Connection
Electronic Compass On
GPSmap 60CS
GPSmap 60CSx
38
Adjusting Screen Settings

• To minimize battery drain, limit or turn off
  backlight
• Press and quickly release the POWER button
• Press up on ROCKER to increase, down to decrease
• Press ENTER or QUIT to close Backlight adjustment
  window

39
Trip Page
40
Resetting the Trip Information Page

• To reset the Trip Information Page
• Press PAGE or QUIT to display the Trip page
• Press MENU button once
• Highlight Reset and press ENTER

41
System Setup Pages
42
System Setup Page

• Press MENU twice for Main Menu, select SETUP and
  press ENTER
• Important Setup Pages
• System
• Display
• Time
• Units
• Heading
• Calibration

43
SETUP System

• GPS
• Normal - for everyday use
• Demo - for indoor training
• WAAS
• Enabled
• Battery Type
• Alkaline
• NiMH
• Proximity Alarms
• On

44
SETUP Display

• Display Mode
• Auto Switch between Day and Night modes at
  sunrise and sunset.
• Backlight Timeout
• On continuous or timed. Setting ignored if
  external power is used.
• Backlight Level
• Backlight setting will increase or decrease
  battery life

45
SETUP Time

• Time Format
• Set to 24 hour format
• Time Zone
• Time zone for the area of operations
• UTC Offset
• Changes with Time Zone
• Daylight Savings Time
• Set to Auto

46
SETUP Units

• Position Format
• USNG United States National Grid (DHS Standard)
• MGRS Military Grid Reference System
• hdddºmm.mmm
• Map Datum
• WGS 84
• NAD27 CONUS USGS Maps

47
SETUP Heading

• North Reference Specifies the type or north
  reference used to calculate your heading
• Set to True

48
Waypoints
49
Waypoints

• Waypoints are locations you record and store in
  your GPS
• Waypoints created in 3 ways
• Press the MARK key while at a location
• Create a waypoint on the map page
• Enter the coordinates for a waypoint manually

50
Waypoints Circle of Error
X
51
Waypoints Available Map Symbols
GPSmap 60C Display
52
Waypoints Common Abbreviations

• PX- Picture (note direction of photo)
• HAZ- Hazards
• H-1- Helispot 1
• Hosp- Hospital
• Str- Structure
• Sz- Safety Zone
• POA- Point of Arrival

• POD- Point of Departure
• BoO- Base of Operations
• Fwd BOO- Forward Base of operations
• Stg- Staging
• Utl- Utilities
• Apt- Apartment
• Air- Airport

53
Waypoints Mark Current Location

• To mark your current location
• Press and hold the MARK key until the Mark
  Waypoint page appears
• To accept the waypoint with the default
  information highlight OK and press Enter

Icon
Waypoint Name
Notes
Coordinate
54
Waypoints Using The Map Page

• To mark a location on the map page
• On the map page, use the Rocker to move the arrow
  to the location to mark as a waypoint
• Press and quickly release the Enter key to
  capture the location and open the information
  page
• Highlight OK and press Enter to save

Map Pointer Mode
Original Location
New Location
55
Waypoints Entering Coordinates

• To mark a location with known coordinates
• Press and hold the MARK key until the Mark
  Waypoint page appears
• Use the ROCKER to highlight the Location field.
  Edit the coordinate with your known coordinate.
• Highlight OK and press Enter to save

On-screen Keypad
Change Letters
Navigate Left / Right
Edit The Coordinate
56
Waypoints Entering Coordinates

• Enter the following known coordinate
• 14S QB 12076 29862
• Label waypoint as
• HAZARD

On-screen Keypad
Change Letters
Navigate Left / Right
Edit The Coordinate
57
Waypoints Proximity Alarm

• Useful for creating no-go zones for personnel
• HAZMAT
• Bio-Chem Areas
• Safety Officer Designated Areas
• Proximity waypoints are also supported with the
  beep alarm

58
Waypoints Proximity Alarm

• To define an alarm circle around a waypoint
• From the Main Menu select Proximity, press Enter
• Highlight an empty line and press Enter
• Select a waypoint from the list and Enter
• Highlight Use and press Enter
• Use the Rocker to adjust the proximity radius

Proximity Radius
Empty Line
Turn Alarm On / Off
59
Waypoints Proximity Alarm

• Create a Proximity Alarm
• Select the HAZARD waypoint and assign it as a
  proximity alarm

Proximity Radius
Empty Line
Turn Alarm On / Off
60
Waypoints Averaging Location

• To average a new waypoint over time to produce a
  more accurate location
• From the Waypoint Page, press Menu
• Select Average Location and press Enter
• Press Save when accuracy measurement stops

61
Waypoints Sight N Go

• Allows you to navigate to an object within your
  sight by point the unit at it. To use
• Press MENU to open the Compass Options Menu
• Highlight Sight N Go and press ENTER
• The compass ring with pointer is in-line with the
  two sighting marks on the case

Tic at the top of the display bezel
Top arrow of the ROCKER pad
62
Waypoints Sight N Go (contd)

• Hold the unit at eye level and line up the two
  sighting marks with the distant object
• Press ENTER to lock the direction
• Highlight Set Course and press ENTER
• Travel to your destination using the pointer

63
Waypoints Projecting

• Create a new waypoint by projecting the distance
  and bearing from current location to a new
  location. To use
• Sight N Go to lock direction and press ENTER
• Highlight Project Waypoint and press ENTER
• Enter distance, highlight Go To and press ENTER

64
Tracks
65
Track Log

• Creates an electronic breadcrumb trail or track
  log while you travel
• Each point in the track contains information on
  time, location, elevation and depth

66
Track Log

• To Access Track Logs
• MENU button twice for the Main Menu screen
• Select TRACKS and press Enter

67
Track Log

• On/Off toggle
• Percentage of memory used
• List of saved Tracks
• Remaining available logs

68
Track Log Clearing

• To clear the track log
• Highlight Clear and press Enter
• Confirmation message appears Press OK

69
Track Log Set Up

• To set up a track log
• Highlight Setup and press Enter to open the Track
  Log Set Up Page

Data Card Option
70
Track Log TracBack

• To use the TracBack feature
• With Saved Tracks Page for the track or the Track
  Log open, highlight TracBack and press Enter
• Once the map is displayed, use the Rocker to move
  the pointer to a point on the map and press Enter
• Select Follow Road or Follow Track
• Follow the direction arrow
• To exit, press Menu then Stop Navigation

71
Compass
72
Electronic Compass Calibration
If this is the first time the GPS is being used,
the unit has traveled over 100 miles since its
last use, or you have installed new batteries,
the compass may be off target and needs to be
calibrated. It may be wise to do this at the
start of each use. To calibrate the compass 1
After startup - Press PAGE button until Compass
screen appears 2 Press MENU button 3
Rocker down to Calibrate Compass press Enter 4
Follow directions on screen
73
Electronic Compass Accuracy
The accuracy of the electronic compass is
affected by 1 Not being held level 2 Being
near objects that affect magnetic fields,
such as cars, or buildings
74
Compass Compass Navigation

• During active navigation, the Compass Page guides
  you to your destination with a graphic compass
  display

The Compass ring moves to indicate North
orientation
Bearing pointer
Compass Page
75
Compass Bearing vs. Course

• You can choose the Bearing Pointer or Course
  Pointer for guidence
• Toggle from Bearing/Course in the
• Compass Options Menu

The course pointer indicates your course of
travel and the distance you drift off course
The bearing pointer indicates the direction to
your destination
Course Pointer
Bearing Pointer
76
Compass Bearing vs. Course

• The bearing pointer always indicates the
  direction to your destination from your current
  location

77
Compass Bearing vs. Course

• The course pointer indicates your course of
  travel from your original location and the
  distance off course

78
Compass Electronic

• Press and hold the PAGE key to turn the
  electronic compass ON or OFF
• Compass icon appears at the top of the screen
  when ON
• When compass is not needed, turn OFF to conserve
  battery life

Compass icon indicates electronic compass is ON
79
Routes
80
Routes

• Route navigation allows you to create a sequence
  of intermediate waypoints that lead to your final
  destination
• The GPSmap 60CSx allows 50 routes with up to 250
  points each

81
Routes Creating A Route

• To create a route
• From the Main Menu, select Routes, press Enter
• Highlight the New button and press Enter
• Highlight ltSelect Next Pointgt and press Enter
• Select a waypoint, city, exit and press Use
• Repeat to complete the route
• Highlight Navigate and press Enter

82
Planning a Navigation Route
Waypoints
Start
83
How A Receiver Sees Your Route
Blue circles the potential circle of GPS error
at each waypoint.
Yellow stars where you want to go.
Green stars where the GPS receiver may take you.
84
Find Functions
85
Find

• Use the FIND function to search for waypoints,
  cities, exits, or saved geocache points
• Additional options with loaded BlueChart and
  MapSource data.

Waypoint Options
Cities Options
86
Find Saved Waypoints

• To find a waypoint
• From the Find Menu, highlight Waypoints and press
  ENTER
• Use the ROCKER to select a waypoint and press
  ENTER

87
Find Cities

• To find a city
• From the Find Menu, highlight Cities and press
  ENTER. A list of cities near your current
  location are displayed.
• Select a city and press ENTER. If the city is not
  listed, press MENU for additional search options.

88
Find Interstate Exit Information

• To find an interstate exit
• From the Find Menu, highlight Exits and press
  ENTER. A list of exits near your current location
  are displayed.
• Select an exit and press ENTER.
• Exit information, services, direction to service

89
Find Street Address

• To find an address
• From the Find Menu, highlight Addresses and press
  ENTER.
• Enter the address information until the address
  is displayed in the Matches section.

90
Find Intersection

• To find an intersection
• From the Find Menu, highlight Intersect and
  press ENTER.
• Enter the street names until the intersections
  are displayed in the Matches section.

91
Find Point Of Interest

• To find an intersection
• From the Find Menu, highlight All POI and press
  ENTER. POI near your location are displayed.
• Narrow the search by pressing MENU or select the
  POI and press ENTER

Options Menu
92
Conclusions

• Carry extra batteries
• Minimize user error and increase accuracy by
  keeping GPS away from body
• Always carry a paper map as a backup
• Unless otherwise directed, DHS standard
• DATUM WGS 84
• FORMAT USNG or MGRS
• Match the map datum to the GPS datum

93
GPS Outdoor Exercise

• Obtain Satellites in 3D Differential Mode
• Proximity Alarm Demonstration
• Waypoints
• Create
• Average Position for accuracy
• Enter and navigate to supplied waypoints,
  identify location and return

94
Questions