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Topic 5 – International and Regional Transportation

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Title: Topic 5 – International and Regional Transportation


1
Topic 5 International and Regional
Transportation
  • The Strategic Space of International
    Transportation
  • Transportation, Globalization and International
    Trade
  • Commodity Chains and Freight Transport
  • Logistics

2
A The Strategic Space of International
Transportation
  • 1. The Geostrategy of International
    Transportation
  • 2. The Panama Canal
  • 3. The Suez Canal
  • 4. The Strait of Malacca
  • 5. Other Important Passages

3
1. The Geostrategy of International Transportation
  • Features of international transportation
  • Involves geopolitical considerations.
  • Passages subject to conflicts aimed to assure a
    control of a strategic location.
  • International transport infrastructures
  • Ports, airports and canals.
  • Also subject to geopolitical considerations.
  • Access to strategic resources or key markets.
  • Acknowledged early in the history of
    international transportation
  • "Whosoever commands the sea commands trade
    whosoever commands the trade of the world
    commands the riches of the world, and
    consequently the world itself". Sir Walter
    Raleigh (c1610).

4
1. The Geostrategy of International Transportation
  • Maritime transportation
  • Dominant purveyor of international freight
    distribution and evolves over a global maritime
    space.
  • Constrained system
  • Profile of continental masses.
  • Forced to pass through specific locations
    corresponding to passages, capes and straits.
  • Freight flows
  • Commodities.
  • Parts.
  • Finished goods.

5
Maritime Routes and Strategic Locations
6
Capacity of Key Strategic Passages
7
Shipping Lanes and Strategic Passages in Pacific
Asia
Tsugaru
Japan
Hormuz
Pacific Ocean
China
India
South China Sea
Malacca
Makassar
Indonesia
Indian Ocean
Sunda
Lombok
8
1. The Geostrategy of International Transportation
  • Conquest
  • Initially a mean to acquire and conquer oceans,
    territories and resources
  • Maritime technology
  • European powers first to improve significantly
    maritime technology.
  • Able to establish maritime trading roads and
    colonies all over the world.
  • Railroad technology
  • Mean to achieve territorial conquest.
  • North America for nation building.
  • Africa for colonialism.

9
1. The Geostrategy of International Transportation
  • Competition
  • Mean to compete on the global economy.
  • Prevalent force in shaping modern transportation
    systems.
  • Right to carry national passengers and freight
  • Often reserved for national transport companies.
  • Cabotage laws.
  • Air freedoms.
  • Transport related activities also compete
  • Shipbuilding, trade and insurance.
  • Usage of flags of convenience.

10
1. The Geostrategy of International Transportation
  • Cooperation
  • Common interests favor agreements.
  • Involving access to infrastructures or setting
    standards
  • 1792 most countries along the Rhine agreed to
    free navigation.
  • 1871 Canada and the United States agreed to the
    development of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1954.
  • International trade within Europe was enhanced by
    the adoption of a standard over rail gauges
    (1.435 meters).
  • International air transportation is subject to
    regulations over security and prices.
  • Emergence of economic blocs
  • European Union and the North American Free Trade
    Agreement.
  • Leans on common rules about transport standards
    and prices.

11
The Northern East-West Freight Corridor
12
1. The Geostrategy of International Transportation
  • Control
  • The control of strategic places.
  • Vulnerability
  • Developed countries are becoming more vulnerable
    to supplies of freight and raw materials.
  • Some developing countries, like China, are
    becoming dependent on supplies of food and
    energy.
  • United States
  • Became more dependent on external supplies of
    oil.
  • Foreign policy shifted at keeping an eye on
    strategic locations in oil trade, dominantly in
    the Middle East.

13
Shipping Lanes and Strategic Passages in the
Middle East
Oil transited (millions of barrels per day)
1.0
Black Sea
2002-2003 figures
3.0
Bosporus
Turkey
Mediterranean
Iran
Iraq
3.8
Hormuz
Suez
PG
15.5
Egypt
Saudi Arabia
Oman
Red Sea
Sudan
Yemen
3.3
Indian Ocean
Bab el-Mandab
PG Persian Gulf
14
Oil Transited at Major Strategic Locations, 2004
15
2. The Panama Canal
  • Context
  • Joins the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at the
    Isthmus of Panama
  • From Cristobal on Limon Bay, an arm of the
    Caribbean Sea, to Balboa, on the Gulf of Panama.
  • Ranks as one of the greatest engineering works of
    all time.
  • Composed of three main elements
  • Gatun Locks (Atlantic side).
  • Gaillard Cut (continental divide)
  • Miraflores Locks (Pacific side).
  • Dimensions
  • Slightly more than 64 km long.
  • Depth of 12.5 m (40 feet) and width of 91.5 m.
  • Prevents a 21,000 km detour around South America.
  • Handles about 12 of the American international
    seaborne trade.

16
The Panama Canal
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Colon
Cristobal
Pacific Ocean
Gatun Dam
Panama Canal Railway
Gatun Lake
Gaillard Cut
Panama City
Panama
Balboa
Pacific Ocean
17
Panama Canal Gatun Locks
18
Panama Canal Gaillard Cut
19
2. The Panama Canal
  • Early history
  • Interests
  • Began with explorers of Central America the early
    16th century
  • In 1534, the Spanish surveyed the Panama region.
  • Was judged impossible.
  • American involvement
  • Gold was discovered in California in 1848.
  • Panama Canal railway constructed in 1855.
  • French attempts
  • French Geographical Society of Paris signed a
    treaty with Columbia (then the owner of the
    Province of Panama 1878).
  • French Canal Company undertook construction
    (1879-1899).
  • Project failure financial problems, tropical
    diseases (20,000 workers killed) and the
    technical difficulties of trying to build a sea
    level canal.

20
2. The Panama Canal
  • American intervention
  • Panama revolt from Columbia (1903), supported by
    the United States.
  • Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
  • United States guaranteed the independence of
    Panama.
  • Perpetual lease on a 16-km (10 miles) strip with
    complete sovereignty.
  • Compensation of 10 million and an
    inflation-indexed annual compensation.
  • Construction
  • Constructed between 1904 and 1916.
  • Cost of 387 million (compensation to Panama and
    40 million to purchase the previous project from
    the French Canal Company).
  • Under the authority of the U.S. Army Corps of
    Engineers.
  • 70,000 people worked on the project and about
    5,600 died in the process.
  • Sanitation of the entire canal area (mosquitoes
    yellow fever and malaria).

21
2. The Panama Canal
  • Operations and traffic
  • Under the jurisdiction of the Panama Canal
    Authority (1999)
  • Collect tolls on all ships crossing the canal.
  • A loaded ship pays about 2.57 per net ton.
  • The average toll is about 45,000.
  • Traffic
  • 13,000 ships transit the canal every year, (35
    ships per day).
  • Grains (43 of the traffic transited).
  • Containers (11) and petroleum products (10).
  • Loss of some of its strategic importance due to
    super-tankers.
  • Panamax standard
  • Equals to 65,000 tons and a draft of 12 meters.

22
3. The Suez Canal
  • Context
  • Running across the Isthmus of Suez in
    northeastern Egypt.
  • Connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Gulf of
    Suez, an arm of the Red Sea.
  • Dimensions
  • Artificial waterway of about 163 km in length.
  • Width of 60 meters.
  • No locks, because the Mediterranean Sea and the
    Gulf of Suez have roughly the same water level.
  • Ships of 16 meters (58 feet) draft can make the
    transit.
  • Capacity
  • 150,000 deadweight tons fully loaded.
  • 25,000 ships per year, but handles about 14,000.

23
3. The Suez Canal
  • History
  • First canal excavated about the 13th century BC.
  • Expand trade between the Mediterranean and the
    Middle East.
  • Restoration efforts were abandoned in the 8th
    century AD.
  • Colonial expansion of Europe in Asia revitalized
    the idea of a canal.
  • French construction
  • French and Egyptians interests (1859-69).
  • Cost of about 100 million dollars.
  • Brought forward a new era of European influence
    in Pacific Asia.
  • Saving 6,500 km from the circum African route.

24
Geographical Impact of the Suez Canal, 1869
EUROPE
EAST ASIA
AFRICA
Indian Ocean
25
3. The Suez Canal
  • British purchase
  • In 1874, Britain bought the shares of the Suez
    Canal Company and became its sole owner.
  • According to a 1888 agreement, the canal was open
    to the vessels of all nations in peace or in war.
  • Britain claimed the need to control the area to
    maintain maritime power and colonial interests.
  • In 1936, Great Britain acquired the right to
    maintain defense forces in the Suez Canal.
  • Strategic importance during World War II to
    maintain Asia-Europe supply routes for the Allies.

26
Suez Canal, end of 19th Century
27
3. The Suez Canal
  • Nationalization
  • Nationalized by Egypt (1956).
  • Israeli ships were not permitted to cross the
    canal.
  • Threat was also extended to France and Britain
  • Refused to help finance the Aswan High Dam
    project.
  • Israel, France and Britain invaded Egypt (1956).
  • Egypt sank ships in the canal closing it between
    1956 and 1957.
  • Israel Arab Wars
  • Tensions between Israel and Arab nations in the
    1960s
  • Six Days War Israel and Egypt (1967) Invasion of
    Sinai by Israel.
  • Canal Closed (Between 1967 and 1975)
  • Significantly destabilized international
    transportation.
  • Re-opened in 1975 as Egypt agreed to let Israel
    use the canal.

28
3. The Suez Canal
  • Modern canal
  • Widened between 1976 and 1980 to accommodate
    super-tankers of 150,000 dwt.
  • Support the oil trade between Europe and the
    Middle East.
  • Ultra large crude carriers (ULCCs) cannot pass
    through the Canal.
  • Important with economic growth taking place along
    Pacific Asia.
  • Growing movements of containers along the Suez
    Canal.

29
Suez Canal, 1990s
30
4. The Strait of Malacca
  • Context
  • One of most important strategic passage of the
    World
  • Supports the bulk of the maritime trade between
    Europe and Pacific Asia.
  • Account for 30 of the world trade.
  • Main passage between the Pacific and the Indian
    oceans
  • Accounts for 50,000 ships per year (600 per day).
  • Second passage The Strait of Sunda (Indonesia).
  • Outlet to the South China Sea.
  • Dimensions
  • 800 km in length and between 50 and 320 km in
    width (2.5 km at its narrowest point).
  • Minimal depth of 70 feet.
  • Can accommodate ships of about 120,000 tons.

31
The Strait of Malacca
Pacific Ocean
Gulf of Thailand
Thailand
Indian Ocean
Strait of Malacca
South China Sea
Malaysia
Malaysia
Singapore
Indonesia
Indian Ocean
Indonesia
Strait of Sunda
32
4. The Strait of Malacca
  • History
  • Important passage point between the Chinese and
    the Indian worlds.
  • Controlled at different points in time by
    Javanese and Malaysian kingdoms.
  • Arab control
  • From the 14th century, the region came under the
    control of Arab merchants.
  • Established several fortified trading towns.
  • Malacca most important commercial center in
    Southeast Asia.
  • European control
  • Shifted as the era of European expansion began in
    the 16th century.
  • In 1511, Malacca fell to the Portuguese.
  • Marked the beginning of European control over the
    Strait.

33
4. The Strait of Malacca
  • English control
  • In 1867, England took control of the passage.
  • Singapore as a main harbor.
  • Other important centers such as Malacca and
    Penang, forming the Strait Settlements.
  • Control lasted until the Second World War and the
    independence of Malaysia in 1957.
  • Growing importance of the strait with the growth
    of trade.
  • Singapore
  • Located at the southern end of the Strait of
    Malacca.
  • One of the most important port in the world.
  • Major oil refining center.

34
The Port of Singapore
35
5. Other Important Passages
  • The Strait of Hormuz
  • Strategic link between the oil fields of the
    Persian gulf and the gulf of Oman (Indian Ocean).
  • Between 48 and 80 km of width (6 km wide
    navigation channel).
  • The most important strategic passage in the world
    (oil).
  • Contested by Iran and the United Arab Emirates.
  • Gibraltar
  • Peninsula between the Atlantic and the
    Mediterranean oceans.
  • Obligatory passage point between these two
    oceans.
  • 64 km long and varies in width from 13 to 39 km.
  • Under British control since its conquest from
    Spain (1704).
  • Second World War Gibraltar blocked the access to
    the Atlantic to the Italian and German fleets of
    the Mediterranean.

36
5. Other Important Passages
  • Bosporus
  • Passage of 30 km in length and of only 1 km in
    width at its narrowest point.
  • Only link between the Black Sea and the
    Mediterranean Ocean.
  • Passage of growing strategic importance, notably
    after the fall of the Soviet Union.
  • The Caspian Sea has vast oil reserves.
  • A large amount must transit trough the Black Sea
    and Bosporus to reach external markets.
  • About 50,000 ships a year, including 5,500
    tankers, are transiting through the passage each
    year.

37
The Dardanelles and Bosporus Passages
Greece
Black Sea
Turkey
Bosporus
Istanbul
Marmara Denizi
Dardanelles
Turkey
Mediterranean Ocean
38
Bosporus, Turkey
39
5. Other Important Passages
  • The Strait of Magellan
  • Discovered in 1520 by the Portuguese explorer
    Ferdinand Magellan.
  • Separates South America to Tierra del Fuego.
  • 530 km long and 4 to 24 km of width.
  • Held secret during more than one century to
    assure the supremacy of Portugal and Spain for
    the Asian trade of spices and silk.
  • The Panama Canal (1916) and the North American
    transcontinental bridge in the 1980s undermined
    its strategic importance.
  • The Cape Good Hope
  • Extreme tip of Africa discovered by the
    Portuguese (end of the 15th century).
  • Separates the Atlantic and Indian oceans.
  • Vasco de Gamma (1497) and was the first European
    to reach India by sea.
  • Lost some of its strategic importance with the
    widening of Suez canal.
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