Title: Europe’s Transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance
1Europes Transition from the Middle Ages to the
Renaissance
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3Europe Today
4- What were the Middle, or Dark Ages?
- A period of European history between
- the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 A.D.
- and the Renaissance which began in the 1400s.
5Periodization
Early Middle Ages 500 1000 High Middle Ages
1000 1250 Late Middle Ages 1250 - 1500
6Life in the High Middle Ages (1000 1250)
7Life in the Middle Ages
Manoralism Economic System
Feudalism Political System
Fief Peasants
Loyalty Military Aid
Food Shelter
Military Service
Food, Shelter Protection
Farm Labor Rent
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9The Medieval Manor
10Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work
11- To what extent were climate and disease key
factors in producing economic and social changes?
12PERSIA!!
- POLITICAL
- ECONOMIC
- RELIGIOUS
- SOCIAL
- INTELLECTUAL
- ARTISTIC
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14Illustration of 1358 Jacquerie Peasant Rebellion
in northern France
15Pieter Bruegels The Triumph of Death
16The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
17The Hundred Years WarHow did the war contribute
to the end of feudalism in France?
- Soldiers earned wealth from pillagingreturned
home with new attitudes - Countryside destroyed so large number of serfs
migrated to the cities - Monarchs built huge armies with the taxes they
collected, which reduced the power of nobles. - People became more patriotic, more devoted to the
monarch than their feudal lord beginning of
national identities!
18The Hundred Years War (1337 1453) France
becomes larger!
France in 1453
France in 1337
19Analyze the shift in the prevailing religious
culture by the end of the Middle Ages.
20The Role of the Church in the Middle Ages
- Only one Christian church
- The Catholic Church
-
- Church has own laws, land (1/3rd of all
- land in Western Europe) , and taxes
- (filled the power vacuum left from the
- collapse of the classical world)
-
- People who disagreed with church
- law, or criticized the church were
- called heretics and were often burned at
- the stake
-
- The Catholic Church is a very
- powerful institution!
September from Tres Riches Heures, early 1400s
21A Medieval Monastery The Scriptorium
22A Medieval Monks Day
23Medieval Universities
24Oxford University
25Christian Crusades East and West
26The Power of the Church vs. the Power of the
State
Vs.
Pope Boniface VIII
French King Philip IV
Unam Sanctum
27Decline of the Church
- Boniface VIII and conflict with State,
- Unam Sanctum, 1302 - Bull issued that placed
spiritual above the temporal. Excommunicated
King Philip IV of France. - The Papacy at Avignon (1305-1377)
- Initiated by Pope Clement V
- Church administration improved
- Brought doubt to power of Church
- Great Schism 2 popes as head of 1 church
- Papacy returned to Rome, 1378
- Pope Urban VI, 1378-1389 Italian/English
Support - Pope Clement VII, 1378-14 French Support
28The Great Schism (1378 1417)
1305
Pope Clement V
29The Great Schism (1378 1417)
Pope Gregory XI
Catherine of Siena
1377
30The Great Schism (1378 1417)
31- New Thoughts on Church and State and the Rise of
Conciliarism - Marsiglio of Padua (1270?-1342)
- Defender of the Peace
- Denied temporal authority is subject to spiritual
authority. Greatest long term importance. - Conciliarism a general council should decide
how to end Schism and who should lead.
32- Popular Religion in an Age of Adversity
- Performance of Good Works ways to deal with
Black Plague and 100 Years War. - Mysticism and Lay Piety
- Meister Eckhart - Union of the soul and God
(basics of what Mysticism is) - Gerard Groote - Modern Devotion imitate Jesus
- Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life
- Female mystics Catherine of Siena
- William of Occam - Nominalism
- Only objects perceived by the senses are real
- Faith not reason
33Trade and Commerce Change the Foundations of
Town Life
- Towns were centers for trade and shipping
- Luxury goods such as silk, spices, ivory and
porcelain could be bought in towns - Guilds (associations of people in the same trade
or craft) dominated social and civic life of
towns - Guilds reflected importance of Christianity in
towns - Contributed to building of Cathedrals
- Adopted patron saints and sponsored parades in
their honor
34Trade and Commerce Change Town LifeTown Life
During the Middle Ages
- Towns were small because society was based on
agriculture and most people lived in the country
side - Nobles had most of the power
- Lords owned the land where most towns were
located - Towns needed protection from the knights that
lords could provide - Status was determined by birthright
35- Urban Advances
- Family Life and Gender Roles
- Rise of Nuclear Family
- Repression of Women
- Care and Education of Children
- Advances in Medicine
- Medical Schools
- Physicians surgeons barbers
- Public Health Sanitation
- Inventions and New Patterns
- Mechanical Clock
- Eyeglasses reading paper
- Gunpowder war defense
- Use of the Vernacular
- Chaucer, Petrarch, Pizan, Bocaccio
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37Decline of Feudalism
- Black Death killed one third of Europe's
population
2. Peasants revolted and demanded more freedom
3. Hundred Years War allowed monarchs to build
huge armies and reduce power of lords
- People moved to cities to earn better wages
5. Status began to be determined by wealth and
ability, not birthright
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391377 Pope Gregory XI returns papacy to Rome
1431 Joan of Arc burned at the stake
1351 End of 1st major plague outbreak
1305 Avignon Papacy begins
1381 English Peasants Revolt
1417 Great Schism ends
1337 Hundred Years War begins
1429 Battle of Orleans
1358 Jacquerie (peasant revolt) in France
1315 1317 Great Famine
1378 Great Schism begins
1453 Hundred Years War ends
1347 Black Death reaches Europe
1415 Battle of Agincourt
40The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire 14 CE
41The Legacy of Rome
- Republic Government
- Roman Law
- Latin Language
- Roman Catholic Church
- City Planning
- Romanesque Architectural Style
- Roman Engineering
- Aqueducts
- Sewage systems
- Dams
- Cement
- Arch
42Roman Roads The Appian Way
43Imperial Roman Road System
44Roman Aqueducts
45Barbarian Invasions 4c-5c
46Europe in the 6th Century
47A Medieval Castle in Carcassonne, France
48Parts of a Medieval Castle
49The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE
50Chivalry A Code of Honor and Behavior
51William the ConquerorBattle of Hastings,
1066(Bayeaux Tapestry)
52Evolution of Englands Political System
Magna Carta, 1215
- King John I
- (r. 1199 1216)
- Runnymeade
- Great Charter
- monarchs were not above the law.
- kings had to consult a council of
advisors. - kings could not tax arbitrarily.
53The Beginnings of the British Parliament
- Great Council
- middle class merchants, townspeople burgesses
in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.
were added at the end of the 13c. - eventually called Parliament.
- by 1400, two chambers evolved
- House of Lords ? nobles clergy.
- House of Commons ? knights and burgesses.
54Medieval Trade
55Medieval Guilds
Guild Hall
- Commercial Monopoly
- Controlled membership apprentice ? journeyman
? master craftsman - Controlled quality of the product masterpiece.
- Controlled prices
56Late Medieval Town Dwellings
57The Crises of the Late Middle Ages (1250
Approx. 1500)
58The Black DeathWhat was the Black Death ?
- Deadly plague that spread across Europe from 1346
1352 - Caused by a form of bacteria
- Appeared in three forms
- Pneumonic attacked the lungs
- Septicemic appeared in the bloodstream
- Bubonic caused buboes on the body
59The Symptoms
Bulbous
Septicemia Formalmost 100 mortality rate.
60The Black DeathHow did the Black Death spread
throughout Europe?
- Originated in Mongolia and spread to Black Sea
along Silk Road - Bacteria carried by fleas who lived on black rats
- Italian merchant ships brought rats to Europe
along with trade goods - First appeared in Sicily and eventually spread
61The Disease Cycle
Flea drinks rat blood that carries the
bacteria.
Bacteria multiply in fleas gut.
Human is infected!
Fleas gut cloggedwith bacteria.
Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into
human wound.
62The Black DeathWhy couldnt people stop the
spread of the Black Death?
- People were ignorant about its cause they blamed
the stars, Gods anger, and the Jews - They tried ineffective cures such as pomanders,
flagellation, and repentance of sins.
63The Black Death How did the Black Death change
life in Europe?
- Killed one third of the population
- Forced farmers to diversify their crops
- Peasants revolted and demanded more freedom
- Working class moved to cities to earn better
wages - Reduced the power of the feudal lords
64The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) What were the
causes?
Question of French Succession
- French king Charles IV died in 1328
with no male heir - Two men attempted to claim the vacant throne
- Edward III of England, nephew of Charles IV
- Philip of Valois, regent of France
- after the death of Charles IV
- French nobles preferred Philip
- to the foreigner
65The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) What were the
causes?
French Land Belonging to British Kings
- A longer standing issue was the status of lands
within France that belonged to English kings. - Gascony, Brittany Aquitaine
66The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) What were the
causes?
Conflict Over Flanders (parts of Belgium, SW
Netherlands, NE France)
The dagger pointing at the heart of England!
- Wool industry.
- Flanders wants its independence from French
control. - Asks England for help.
67The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) What were the
causes?
French Struggle for National Identity
- France was NOT a united country before the war
began. - The French king only controlled about half of the
country.
68The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
Phase 1 - Early British Victories Phase 2
- Guerilla warfare by French king
- French king
captured ransomed - Treaty of
Bretigny Phase 3 - English dominance
- French rally eventually win Joan
of Arc Orleans
69The Hundred Years WarHow did the nature of
warfare change?
- Longbows eliminated advantages of armor (Could
pierce an inch of wood or the armor of a knight
at 200 yards!) - Cannons could be used to blast holes in castles
- Monarchs used armies recruited from common people
- Pikes
70The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
King Henry V (ruled 1412 1422)
- Renewed his familys claim to the French throne.
- At Agincourt in 1415, the English, led by Henry
himself, baited a larger French army into
attacking a fortified English position. - With the aid of the dukes of Burgundy, Henry
gained control over Normandy, Paris, and much of
northern France!
71The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) Height of
English Dominance
72The Hundred Years WarWho was Joan of Arc and
how did she change the course of the war?
- Young French peasant woman who was inspired by
God to save France - Convinced Charles VII to let her lead an army
against the English in 1429 - Helped push the English armies out of central
France - Was captured by the Burgundians (sided with
British), accused of heresy, and burned at the
stake in 1431 was sainted in 1922