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Europe’s Transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance

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Title: Europe’s Transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance


1
Europes Transition from the Middle Ages to the
Renaissance
2
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3
Europe Today
4
  • What were the Middle, or Dark Ages?
  • A period of European history between
  • the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 A.D.
  • and the Renaissance which began in the 1400s.

5
Periodization
Early Middle Ages 500 1000 High Middle Ages
1000 1250 Late Middle Ages 1250 - 1500
6
Life in the High Middle Ages (1000 1250)
7
Life in the Middle Ages
Manoralism Economic System
Feudalism Political System
Fief Peasants
Loyalty Military Aid
Food Shelter
Military Service
Food, Shelter Protection
Farm Labor Rent
8
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9
The Medieval Manor
10
Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work
11
  • To what extent were climate and disease key
    factors in producing economic and social changes?

12
PERSIA!!
  • POLITICAL
  • ECONOMIC
  • RELIGIOUS
  • SOCIAL
  • INTELLECTUAL
  • ARTISTIC

13
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14
Illustration of 1358 Jacquerie Peasant Rebellion
in northern France
15
Pieter Bruegels The Triumph of Death
16
The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
17
The Hundred Years WarHow did the war contribute
to the end of feudalism in France?
  • Soldiers earned wealth from pillagingreturned
    home with new attitudes
  • Countryside destroyed so large number of serfs
    migrated to the cities
  • Monarchs built huge armies with the taxes they
    collected, which reduced the power of nobles.
  • People became more patriotic, more devoted to the
    monarch than their feudal lord beginning of
    national identities!

18
The Hundred Years War (1337 1453) France
becomes larger!
France in 1453
France in 1337
19
Analyze the shift in the prevailing religious
culture by the end of the Middle Ages.
20
The Role of the Church in the Middle Ages
  • Only one Christian church
  • The Catholic Church
  • Church has own laws, land (1/3rd of all
  • land in Western Europe) , and taxes
  • (filled the power vacuum left from the
  • collapse of the classical world)
  • People who disagreed with church
  • law, or criticized the church were
  • called heretics and were often burned at
  • the stake
  • The Catholic Church is a very
  • powerful institution!

September from Tres Riches Heures, early 1400s
21
A Medieval Monastery The Scriptorium
22
A Medieval Monks Day
23
Medieval Universities
24
Oxford University
25
Christian Crusades East and West
26
The Power of the Church vs. the Power of the
State
Vs.
Pope Boniface VIII
French King Philip IV
Unam Sanctum
27
Decline of the Church
  • Boniface VIII and conflict with State,
  • Unam Sanctum, 1302 - Bull issued that placed
    spiritual above the temporal. Excommunicated
    King Philip IV of France.
  • The Papacy at Avignon (1305-1377)
  • Initiated by Pope Clement V
  • Church administration improved
  • Brought doubt to power of Church
  • Great Schism 2 popes as head of 1 church
  • Papacy returned to Rome, 1378
  • Pope Urban VI, 1378-1389 Italian/English
    Support
  • Pope Clement VII, 1378-14 French Support

28
The Great Schism (1378 1417)
1305
Pope Clement V
29
The Great Schism (1378 1417)
Pope Gregory XI
Catherine of Siena
1377
30
The Great Schism (1378 1417)
31
  • New Thoughts on Church and State and the Rise of
    Conciliarism
  • Marsiglio of Padua (1270?-1342)
  • Defender of the Peace
  • Denied temporal authority is subject to spiritual
    authority. Greatest long term importance.
  • Conciliarism a general council should decide
    how to end Schism and who should lead.

32
  • Popular Religion in an Age of Adversity
  • Performance of Good Works ways to deal with
    Black Plague and 100 Years War.
  • Mysticism and Lay Piety
  • Meister Eckhart - Union of the soul and God
    (basics of what Mysticism is)
  • Gerard Groote - Modern Devotion imitate Jesus
  • Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life
  • Female mystics Catherine of Siena
  • William of Occam - Nominalism
  • Only objects perceived by the senses are real
  • Faith not reason

33
Trade and Commerce Change the Foundations of
Town Life
  • Towns were centers for trade and shipping
  • Luxury goods such as silk, spices, ivory and
    porcelain could be bought in towns
  • Guilds (associations of people in the same trade
    or craft) dominated social and civic life of
    towns
  • Guilds reflected importance of Christianity in
    towns
  • Contributed to building of Cathedrals
  • Adopted patron saints and sponsored parades in
    their honor

34
Trade and Commerce Change Town LifeTown Life
During the Middle Ages
  • Towns were small because society was based on
    agriculture and most people lived in the country
    side
  • Nobles had most of the power
  • Lords owned the land where most towns were
    located
  • Towns needed protection from the knights that
    lords could provide
  • Status was determined by birthright

35
  • Urban Advances
  • Family Life and Gender Roles
  • Rise of Nuclear Family
  • Repression of Women
  • Care and Education of Children
  • Advances in Medicine
  • Medical Schools
  • Physicians surgeons barbers
  • Public Health Sanitation
  • Inventions and New Patterns
  • Mechanical Clock
  • Eyeglasses reading paper
  • Gunpowder war defense
  • Use of the Vernacular
  • Chaucer, Petrarch, Pizan, Bocaccio

36
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37
Decline of Feudalism
  • Black Death killed one third of Europe's
    population

2. Peasants revolted and demanded more freedom
3. Hundred Years War allowed monarchs to build
huge armies and reduce power of lords
  • People moved to cities to earn better wages

5. Status began to be determined by wealth and
ability, not birthright
38
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39
1377 Pope Gregory XI returns papacy to Rome
1431 Joan of Arc burned at the stake
1351 End of 1st major plague outbreak
1305 Avignon Papacy begins
1381 English Peasants Revolt
1417 Great Schism ends
1337 Hundred Years War begins
1429 Battle of Orleans
1358 Jacquerie (peasant revolt) in France
1315 1317 Great Famine
1378 Great Schism begins
1453 Hundred Years War ends
1347 Black Death reaches Europe
1415 Battle of Agincourt
40
The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire 14 CE
41
The Legacy of Rome
  • Republic Government
  • Roman Law
  • Latin Language
  • Roman Catholic Church
  • City Planning
  • Romanesque Architectural Style
  • Roman Engineering
  • Aqueducts
  • Sewage systems
  • Dams
  • Cement
  • Arch

42
Roman Roads The Appian Way
43
Imperial Roman Road System
44
Roman Aqueducts
45
Barbarian Invasions 4c-5c
46
Europe in the 6th Century
47
A Medieval Castle in Carcassonne, France
48
Parts of a Medieval Castle
49
The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE
50
Chivalry A Code of Honor and Behavior
51
William the ConquerorBattle of Hastings,
1066(Bayeaux Tapestry)
52
Evolution of Englands Political System
Magna Carta, 1215
  • King John I
  • (r. 1199 1216)
  • Runnymeade
  • Great Charter
  • monarchs were not above the law.
  • kings had to consult a council of
    advisors.
  • kings could not tax arbitrarily.

53
The Beginnings of the British Parliament
  • Great Council
  • middle class merchants, townspeople burgesses
    in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.
    were added at the end of the 13c.
  • eventually called Parliament.
  • by 1400, two chambers evolved
  • House of Lords ? nobles clergy.
  • House of Commons ? knights and burgesses.

54
Medieval Trade
55
Medieval Guilds
Guild Hall
  • Commercial Monopoly
  • Controlled membership apprentice ? journeyman
    ? master craftsman
  • Controlled quality of the product masterpiece.
  • Controlled prices

56
Late Medieval Town Dwellings
57
The Crises of the Late Middle Ages (1250
Approx. 1500)
58
The Black DeathWhat was the Black Death ?
  • Deadly plague that spread across Europe from 1346
    1352
  • Caused by a form of bacteria
  • Appeared in three forms
  • Pneumonic attacked the lungs
  • Septicemic appeared in the bloodstream
  • Bubonic caused buboes on the body

59
The Symptoms
Bulbous
Septicemia Formalmost 100 mortality rate.
60
The Black DeathHow did the Black Death spread
throughout Europe?
  • Originated in Mongolia and spread to Black Sea
    along Silk Road
  • Bacteria carried by fleas who lived on black rats
  • Italian merchant ships brought rats to Europe
    along with trade goods
  • First appeared in Sicily and eventually spread

61
The Disease Cycle
Flea drinks rat blood that carries the
bacteria.
Bacteria multiply in fleas gut.
Human is infected!
Fleas gut cloggedwith bacteria.
Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into
human wound.
62
The Black DeathWhy couldnt people stop the
spread of the Black Death?
  • People were ignorant about its cause they blamed
    the stars, Gods anger, and the Jews
  • They tried ineffective cures such as pomanders,
    flagellation, and repentance of sins.

63
The Black Death How did the Black Death change
life in Europe?
  • Killed one third of the population
  • Forced farmers to diversify their crops
  • Peasants revolted and demanded more freedom
  • Working class moved to cities to earn better
    wages
  • Reduced the power of the feudal lords

64
The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) What were the
causes?
Question of French Succession
  • French king Charles IV died in 1328
    with no male heir
  • Two men attempted to claim the vacant throne
  • Edward III of England, nephew of Charles IV
  • Philip of Valois, regent of France
  • after the death of Charles IV
  • French nobles preferred Philip
  • to the foreigner

65
The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) What were the
causes?
French Land Belonging to British Kings
  • A longer standing issue was the status of lands
    within France that belonged to English kings.
  • Gascony, Brittany Aquitaine

66
The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) What were the
causes?
Conflict Over Flanders (parts of Belgium, SW

Netherlands, NE France)
The dagger pointing at the heart of England!
  • Wool industry.
  • Flanders wants its independence from French
    control.
  • Asks England for help.

67
The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) What were the
causes?
French Struggle for National Identity
  • France was NOT a united country before the war
    began.
  • The French king only controlled about half of the
    country.

68
The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
Phase 1 - Early British Victories Phase 2
- Guerilla warfare by French king
- French king
captured ransomed - Treaty of
Bretigny Phase 3 - English dominance
- French rally eventually win Joan
of Arc Orleans
69
The Hundred Years WarHow did the nature of
warfare change?
  • Longbows eliminated advantages of armor (Could
    pierce an inch of wood or the armor of a knight
    at 200 yards!)
  • Cannons could be used to blast holes in castles
  • Monarchs used armies recruited from common people
  • Pikes

70
The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
King Henry V (ruled 1412 1422)
  • Renewed his familys claim to the French throne.
  • At Agincourt in 1415, the English, led by Henry
    himself, baited a larger French army into
    attacking a fortified English position.
  • With the aid of the dukes of Burgundy, Henry
    gained control over Normandy, Paris, and much of
    northern France!

71
The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) Height of
English Dominance
72
The Hundred Years WarWho was Joan of Arc and
how did she change the course of the war?
  • Young French peasant woman who was inspired by
    God to save France
  • Convinced Charles VII to let her lead an army
    against the English in 1429
  • Helped push the English armies out of central
    France
  • Was captured by the Burgundians (sided with
    British), accused of heresy, and burned at the
    stake in 1431 was sainted in 1922
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