Gene Transfer: How New Strains Arise and Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow bacteria to swap genes between cells?

1
Gene Transfer How New Strains Arise and
Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow
bacteria to swap genes between cells?

• Gene Transfer and Recombination
• Donor and recipient recombination
• Prokaryotic Gene Transfer
• Transformation
• Transduction Bacteriophage transfer
• Conjugation
• Plasmids F factors, R factors
• Eukaryotic Gene Recombination
• Viral Gene Changes
• Application of DNA Biotechnology
• Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods
• Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis
• Recombinant DNA and Cloning
• Restriction enzymes
• Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene
• Making many Copies Polymerase Chain Reaction
• DNA Fingerprinting
• Genetic sequencing

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Recombination Produces New Genotypes
Recipient DNA
Donor DNA
Genotype abcde
Genotype aBcde
(now has a new phenotype or ability, like being
able to use a sugar it could not before)
Figure 8.25
3
Transformation Absorption of Free DNA
In a lab setting, many bacterial species are not
competent to take up donor DNA. They are
incubated in CaCl2 to make them competent and
then heat shocked so they will suck up DNA
fragments from the medium.
Figure 8.24
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Plasmids Autonomously Replicating
Extrachromosomal DNA
Fertility (F) factor is a plasmid that can direct
the formation of a sex pilus and DNA transfer by
conjugation
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Conjugation Simple F to F- Transfer
Figure 8.27a
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Conjugation Creation of an Hfr Cell
Figure 8.27b
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Conjugation Hfr to F- cell
Figure 8.27c
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Transduction
Phage protein coat
Bacterial chromosome
Recombinant
Bacterial DNA
Donor bacterial DNA
Recipient bacterial DNA
Phage DNA
Recipient cell
Recombinant cell
Figure 8.28
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Gene Transfer How New Strains Arise and
Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow
bacteria to swap genes between cells?

• Gene Transfer and Recombination
• Donor and recipient recombination
• Prokaryotic Gene Transfer
• Transformation
• Transduction Bacteriophage transfer
• Conjugation
• Plasmids F factors, R factors
• Eukaryotic Gene Recombination
• Viral Gene Changes
• Application of DNA Biotechnology
• Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods
• Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis
• Recombinant DNA and Cloning
• Restriction enzymes
• Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene
• Making many Copies Polymerase Chain Reaction
• DNA Fingerprinting

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Genetic Recombination In Eukaryotes Crossing Over

• Prophase I of Meiosis

Figure 8.23
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Double Infection By Two Viruses Can Produce a New
Novel Virus By Recombination(In eukaryotes, is
this how new recombinations of influenza viruses
arise)
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Gene Transfer How New Strains Arise and
Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow
bacteria to swap genes between cells?

• Gene Transfer and Recombination
• Donor and recipient recombination
• Prokaryotic Gene Transfer
• Transformation
• Transduction Bacteriophage transfer
• Conjugation
• Plasmids F factors, R factors
• Eukaryotic Gene Recombination
• Viral Gene Changes
• Application of DNA Biotechnology
• Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods
• Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis
• Recombinant DNA and Cloning
• Restriction enzymes
• Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene
• Making many Copies Polymerase Chain Reaction
• DNA Fingerprinting

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Biotechnology/DNA Technology Genetic Engineering
Scheme
Advantages Disadvantages
Figure 9.1.1
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Restriction Enzymes Recognize and Cut at
Recognition Sites
Figure 9.2
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Vector Something That Can Carry in New DNA and
Be Stable in the CellShould have several
restriction enzyme sites
Figure 9.3
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Gene Transfer How New Strains Arise and
Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow
bacteria to swap genes between cells?

• Gene Transfer and Recombination
• Donor and recipient recombination
• Prokaryotic Gene Transfer
• Transformation
• Transduction Bacteriophage transfer
• Conjugation
• Plasmids F factors, R factors
• Eukaryotic Gene Recombination
• Viral Gene Changes
• Application of DNA Biotechnology
• Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods
• Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis
• Recombinant DNA and Cloning
• Restriction enzymes
• Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene
• Making many Copies Polymerase Chain Reaction
• DNA Fingerprinting

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Genetic Engineering Involves Insertion of a Gene
on a Plasmid
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Safety Issues and Ethics

• Avoid accidental release of supergerms
• Genetically modified crops must be safe for
  consumption and for the environment
• Who will have access to an individual's genetic
  information?
• Do we have a right to move genes around, creating
  new life forms (i.e. playing God)?

19
Gene Transfer How New Strains Arise and
Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow
bacteria to swap genes between cells?

• Gene Transfer and Recombination
• Donor and recipient recombination
• Prokaryotic Gene Transfer
• Transformation
• Transduction Bacteriophage transfer
• Conjugation
• Plasmids F factors, R factors
• Eukaryotic Gene Recombination
• Viral Gene Changes
• Application of DNA Biotechnology
• Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods
• Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis
• Recombinant DNA and Cloning
• Restriction enzymes
• Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene
• Making many Copies Polymerase Chain Reaction
• DNA Fingerprinting
• Genetic sequencing

20
Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Replication in a
Test Tube
Exponential Increase in the Number of DNA
Molecules each Cycle
21
Gene Transfer How New Strains Arise and
Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow
bacteria to swap genes between cells?

• Gene Transfer and Recombination
• Donor and recipient recombination
• Prokaryotic Gene Transfer
• Transformation
• Transduction Bacteriophage transfer
• Conjugation
• Plasmids F factors, R factors
• Eukaryotic Gene Recombination
• Viral Gene Changes
• Application of DNA Biotechnology
• Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods
• Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis
• Recombinant DNA and Cloning
• Restriction enzymes
• Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene
• Making many Copies Polymerase Chain Reaction
• DNA Fingerprinting
• Genetic Sequencing

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DNA Fingerprinting Generates Banding Patterns
Unique to Individuals

• Collect cells
• Extract DNA
• Cut the DNA in fragments using the same
  restriction enzyme
• 4. Separate the fragments using gel
  electrophoresis

Figure 12.12
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Gene Transfer How New Strains Arise and
Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow
bacteria to swap genes between cells?

• Gene Transfer and Recombination
• Donor and recipient recombination
• Prokaryotic Gene Transfer
• Transformation
• Transduction Bacteriophage transfer
• Conjugation
• Plasmids F factors, R factors
• Eukaryotic Gene Recombination
• Viral Gene Changes
• Application of DNA Biotechnology
• Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods
• Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis
• Recombinant DNA and Cloning
• Restriction enzymes
• Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene
• Making many Copies Polymerase Chain Reaction
• DNA Fingerprinting
• Genetic sequencing

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Genetic Sequencing

• Comparing the nucleotide sequences of rRNA
  genes(the 16S type) in prokaryotes (and
  eukaryotes) has helped show evolutionary
  relatedness
• Used to separate prokaryotes and eukaryotes into
  3 Domains in the late 1980s

25
Gene Transfer How New Strains Arise and
Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow
bacteria to swap genes between cells?

• Gene Transfer and Recombination
• Donor and recipient recombination
• Prokaryotic Gene Transfer
• Transformation
• Transduction Bacteriophage transfer
• Conjugation
• Plasmids F factors, R factors
• Eukaryotic Gene Recombination
• Viral Gene Changes
• Application of DNA Biotechnology
• Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods
• Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis
• Recombinant DNA and Cloning
• Restriction enzymes
• Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene
• Making many Copies Polymerase Chain Reaction
• DNA Fingerprinting
• Genetic sequencing