REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY

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REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY
CORE 2 Revision LC2
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REGIONS OF STUDY

• CLIMATIC REGIONS
• PHYSICAL REGIONS
• ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS
• CULTURAL REGIONS
• SOCIO-ECONOMIC REGIONS I.E. CORE/PERIPHERY,
  INDUSTRIALLY DECLINED REGIONS (Maladjusted
  Regions)
• URBAN REGIONS

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CONCEPT OF A REGION

• DEF A Region is an area on the earths surface
  which is different to all areas around it. It has
  different characteristics e.g. physical (climate
  soils, rocks, drainage), cultural,
  administrative, economic, human.
• Boundaries of a region may change over time e.g.
  Gaeltacht regions, the EU (causes and
  consequences).
• Regions vary in size e.g. the USA, India are huge
  while regions like the Gaeltacht are small.

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World Climatic Regions
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CASE STUDY - COOL TEMPERATE OCEANIC

• Narrow Coastal zone in Western Europe - Northern
  Norway to North West Spain (Ireland)
• Summer average 15 - 17 (can go to 23) Degrees,
  lower averages along coasts, higher inland (South
  Westerlies / North Atlantic Drift)
• Winter average 4 - 5 Degrees - Moderating
  influences of S. Westerlies / NAD
• Precipitation all year round - Cyclonic and
  Relief Rainfall but with Winter Maximum 650mm
  (Rain Shadow Dublin)- 2,500mm (West)
• Positive (irrigation) and negative (leaching)
  effects of precipitation on soils

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PHYSICAL REGIONS CASE STUDY - THE BURREN

• Upland terraced limestone region with beds of
  rock dipping gently to South and covered by shale
  in some parts - KARST LANDSCAPE
• Formed when African and European Plates collided
  - Munster mountains were folded at this time also
  (Armorican Foldings)
• Soil cover eroded by glaciers and early farmers
  and strong coastal winds
• Large expanses of Limestone Pavements (Clints
  Grikes) containing Swallow Holes, Uvalas, Poljes
  and few surface streams
• Underground Passages and Caverns
• Unique Flora and Fauna

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CARBONATION

• Underground and Surface features result from the
  process of CARBONATION
• H2O CO2 ? H2CO3 carbonic acid which
  dissociates to
• H2CO3 ? H HCO3- and the proton reacts with
  calcite
• CaCO3 (s) 2H (aq) ? Ca (aq) CO2 (g) H2O

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ADMINISTRARIVE REGIONSCASE STUDIES IRELAND
FRANCE

• IRELAND - SINGLE TIER SYSTEM
• Central Government
• County Councils/City Councils/ Boroughs

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Administrative Units - Ireland

• Dates back to Norman times 12th Century
• By mid 13th Century we had 8 counties
• 1606 - 1994 26 counties
• 1994 Dublin subdivided into 3 new counties -
  Dublin,Fingal, Dun Laoghaire - Rathdown
• Many county boundaries are distinguished by
  natural physical boundaries eg River Slaney/
  Wicklow Mountains

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Dublin's Administrative Regions
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Urban Based Administrative Units

• CITY COUNCILS - 5 - Dublin, Cork, Waterford,
  Galway, Limerick - The suburbs of these areas
  have grown so much that in some cases they are
  spreading into neighbouring councils eg Limerick
  into Clare County Council
• BOROUGH TOWN COUNCILS
• BOROUGH COUNCILS -The 5 medium sized towns below
  the city councils eg Wexford Town
• TOWN COUNCILS - 75 of these eg New Ross
• REGIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS - Not an effective
  Regional level of admin in Ireland. We have
  Regional Authorities but they really only cater
  for specific elements eg Health and Tourism

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FRANCE - ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

• Multiple Tier System
• Central Government
• 22 Regional Governments
• 92 Departments

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Departments Regional Govts.

• System dates back to French Revolution after
  which the pattern of local government based on
  the department was developed. These were all
  approximately the same size in terms of area and
  population and also ensured that all areas within
  them had the same focus on culture
• Responsible for a number of functions - social
  services/co-ordinating urban and regional
  planning
• Prefet is the administrative officer and is
  centrally appointed
• One main town is the focus for each department
• Aftre World War 2 (1955) 22 Regional Centres
  were formed but had little power
• 1970 - Policy of Decentralisation to give them
  more power - Regional Assemblies and Direct
  Elections Helped develop cities such as TOULOUSE

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Cultural Regions

• Mostly defined by distinctive Language/Religion
• Language Regions - Gaeltacht (Ireland)/ Belgium
• GAELTACHT -
• 1.6 Million claim to speak Gaeilge!
• Only used everyday in Fior Gaeltacht
• 1925 ( Commission for Irish Speaking Districts) -
  Broken into Fior Gaeltacht and Breac Gaeltacht
• Gaeltacht Regions reducing in size (2002 Census
  - 86,500 people) Why?
• Government system of Positive Discrimination in
  Gaeltacht Region - Grants/Incentives

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Language Regions - Belgium (Independence
1830)Flanders (North) - Wallonia (South) -
German Enclave

• Flanders
• Flemish speaking, culturally linked to
  Netherlands
• Historically poor - Prospered since 1960s
  attracting growth industries to places such as
  Antwerp
• Brussels is the capital of Belgium and located
  here but is Bilingual

• Wallonia
• Mainly French speaking
• During 1800s became prosperous based on coal
  steel in Sambre-Meuse Valley
• Collapse of these industries in 1950s led to
  massive decline - (Maladjusted Region)
• German Enclave
• Territory received from Germany after WW 1

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Tensions Caused by Cultural Differences in Belgium

• Flanders has received much industrial investment
  but still feels under threat from the more
  dominant French language in the south
• Possible break up of Belgium has been averted
  many times
• This led to fundamental governmental reforms and
  the creation of a Federal Government which
  recognises all three regions - each has a certain
  amount of Autonomy
• Flemish display a defensive attitude over the
  spread of French and have created a new Pro
  Flemish political party - Vlaams Belang

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REGIONS IN IRELAND
cCCC
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CORE - PERIPHERY MODEL

• A model that helps explain differences in
  economic development
• Economic development does not affect all areas in
  the same way.
• Some regions develop strongly because of a number
  or factors eg. Raw materials/strategic location
  for trade
• Other areas may not develop to the same extent
  because of poor resources/unfavourable
  environments/poor access to trade routes

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• Regions shown on maps depends on scale
• Large scale shows a large area but little detail
  e.g. world map 1 1,000,000cm
• Small scale shows a small area but a lot of
  detail e.g. street map of Dublin 116000

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CHARACTERISTICS OF A REGION

• All regions have different chacteristics but some
  characteristics are the same.
• AREA Regions occupy an area of the earths
  surface that is different from all other areas
  around it.
• BOUNDARIES Regions are seperated by boundaries
  from surrounding regions. Some boundaries are
  clear e.g. mountain ranges, rivers. Some
  boundaries are not clear e.g. local government
  boundaries e.g. Mayo co. council v Castlebar Town
  Council.
• IMAGE By naming a region people can conjure up
  an idea of a place e.g. France Eiffel Tower,
  Garlic , USA McDonalds, Disneyland, Gaeltacht
  Aran sweaters, Thatched cottages.
• CHANGE Regions change over time e.g. Dublin
  Why? Transport, Industry. Urban Sprawl,
  Satellite Towns, Suburbs, Commutor Belts.

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REGIONAL DEFINITIONS

• CORE REGIONS - A core region is the wealthiest
  part of an area of land. It is the centre of
  economic,political and administrative life in a
  region e.g. Dublin, Paris Basin,
  Manchester-Milan-Berlin axis core of EU.
• Usually the capital of a country is in the core
  region.

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PERIPHERAL REGIONS

• A peripheral region is a region which is distant
  from the core and lacks economic, political and
  administrative investment e.g. BMW, Mezzogiorno,
  Greece, Scottish Highlands
• Usually the poorest part of the country.
• Usually will have negative aspects to its
  physical geography eg drought, boggy soils

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MALADJUSTED REGIONS
REGIONS OF INDUSTRIAL DECLINE These are
regions which were once dependent on an industry
or natural resource which is now in decline or
has declined e.g. Sambre - Meuse (coal), Greater
Cork Area
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Core - Periphery Model Ireland

• CORE - South East
• Study under these headings
• Physical Processes
• Economic Processes
• Human Processes

• Periphery - BMW
• Study under these headings
• Physical Processes
• Economic Processes
• Human Processes

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Regional Contrasts in IrelandBMW - SOUTH EAST
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Human Processes Topics to Include in an Answer

• Migration Causes and Consequences
• Birth Rates/Death Rates
• Rural Depopulation
• Urbanisation Positives/Negatives
• Openess to Change
• Education Opportunities
• Employment Opportunities

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BMW Human Processes

• Population Decline since Famine Times Migration
• Aprx. 50 of total area but 27 of population
• Few large urban areas Galway biggest _at_ 50,000
  (Dominant Urban Area)
• Lack of Education Facilities One of the seven
  Universities Most young students leave for
  education and do not come back
• Low rates of natural increase due to low birth
  rates due to so few young people left Ageing
  Population
• Gaeltacht areas find it very difficult to attract
  FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)
• Some In migration during 1996-2006 due to Celtic
  Tiger Economy
• Population decrease Decpletion of
  Infrastructure
• Tradition Extensive Agriculture Poor
  Development

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CORE REGION - PARIS BASIN
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PARIS BASIN Human Processes

• Population of the City of Paris (Ile de France)
  doubled between 1921-2004 to aprx. 12 Million but
  the Greater Urban area has a population of 22
  Million- 1/3 of French population (Huge suburbs
  and New Towns Evry/Marne-lá-Valée)
• Ile de France High density/Birth Rate 15 per
  1,000 Death Rate 7 per 1,000- Natural Increase
  of 0.8 means an increase in population before
  migration is taken into account
• Contrast with France in general- Birth Rate 12
  per 1,000 and death rate of 9 per 1,000
• Outskirts of the Paris Basin are experiencing net
  Emmigration while Ile de France is experiencing
  net Immigration
• 40 of all foreign migrants in France live in
  Paris Region
• 13 of the region's population are migrants
  mostly from North and West Africa (Former
  Colonies) and Portugal

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PARIS BASIN Human Processes cntd.

• Lack of jobs and stricter migration control has
  slowed migration into the region in past ten
  years
• Many French people have left parts of the Ile
  deFrance and some of these areas have been
  replaced by migrant ghettos
• Unemployment has led to ethnic instability and
  Paris riots in early 2000's
• Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism Dress codes in
  schools
• Overcrowding/High Cost of living/Inner city
  decline/deindustrialisation Major Human
  problems
• Urban Renewal projects have tried to improve
  parts of the city Develipment of 8 Nodes
  (centres) in the greater Paris region (modern
  housing/employment opportunities/improved
  services) Example of one is Lá Defense
• Also New Towns built outside the Ile de France
  with populations of over 100,000/good range of
  services and employment eg. Evry/Marne-le-Vallée)

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REGIONS OF INDUSTRIAL DECLINE

• Ireland - Greater Cork Area
• Belgium - Sambre-Meuse Valley
• United Kingdom - South Wales

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Case Study 1. Sambre - Meuse Valley

• Core Region of Belgium has changed from Wallonia
  - Flanders
• 1750 - 1950s major coal and steel/associated
  industries base around major coalfields of the
  area - Kampen/Liege/Sambre- Meuse
• Engineering/chemicals/iron and steel
• Decline due to new cheaper imports/decline in
  coal and steel/new cheaper sources of energy
  (oil/gas)/ new technologies DEINDUSTRIALISATION
• Flow of people to North/Loss of industry to North
  led to Flanders becoming the new core of Belgium
• Wallonia became an Objective 2 Region - Attempts
  by government and EU to REINDUSTRIALISE the
  region eg. Charleroi Airport/Caterpillar
• Since 1960 Flanders has experienced significant
  economic growth - Antwerp/Zelzate

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Sambre-Meuse Valley - A Response to Industrial
Decline?

• EU designated the area Objective 2 (Convergence
  Region) Structural Funds from The Common
  Regional Policy
• Investment in transport network -motorways to
  Randstad/Rhur/Paris
• Development of new Industrial Estates near
  citiies such as Charleroi/La Louviere
• Upgrading of airports to International standard
  eg. Charleroi (Ryanair Hub)
• Cleaning up of derelict landscape to make it more
  attractive for investment

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Case Study 2Greater Cork Area

• 1973 - Ireland joined EEC - Began process of
  INDUSTRIALISATION
• Verholme Shipyard/Oil Refinery/Ford/Dunlop/Irish
  Steel/Sunbeam Textiles added to traditional
  industries eg processing - Cork became a Growth
  Centre for the National Economy
• 1980s Recession - Industrial decline hit the
  Cork area. Long established industries closed
  down. MNCs eg. Ford Dunlop closed the branch
  plants in Cork - DEINDUSTRIALISATION - Massive
  unemployment
• 1990S - REINDUSTRIALISATION - due to booming
  world economy
• Lots of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) led by
  IDA
• PFIZER/JOHNSONJOHNSON/WYETH/APPLE/BOSTON
  SCIENTIFIC
• Unlike Wallonia Cork has recovered

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Urban Regions - Case Study Dublin

• 60 of Irish people live in cities and towns -
  Dublin has by far the largest proportion -
  Primate City
• Ireland - One of least urbanised in Europe
  (European Average - 80)
• Dublins development traced back to Vikings -
  Site-Woodquay,Christchurch/ Lowest bridging point
  -Further developed by Nornans and Plantations
• Situation - Deep sheltered bay on East Coast
  development of infrastructure focused here/Liffey
  Valley providing access to central lowlands/
• Agricultural Hinterland - Market City
• Large population - led to development of
  Industries and Services eg Guinness/Intel -
  IFSC/Transport system centralised in Dublin
• Urban Sprawl - Eastwards and Northwards and along
  coast but restricted by Irish Sea and
  Dublin/Wicklow mountains

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PERIPHERAL REGIONMEZZOGIORNO
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Mezzogiorno/Gulf of Metapontino/Tarranto

• 2 Drainage Features Agri/Sinni Rivers flowing
  into Gulf of Metapontino

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MEZZOGIORNO- Land of Midday Sun

• 40 of Italy's territory
• 36 of population
• 25 of GDP
• 50 of
• agricultural employment

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THE MEZZOGIORNOPrimary Activities

• Post 1950 land reform/Casa per il Mezzogiorno
• Land redistribution larger holdings 5-50 hectares
• Retraining more Intensive farming-new
  machinery/new crops-citrus and olives/vines(cash
  crops) for large EU market- 2 seasons
• Irrigation eg Gulf of Metapontino(was malaria
  swamp)-5 rivers (coastal lowlans now the most
  successful area)

• Pre 1950's most employed in Farming/Fishing
• Very Low incomes 50 of average
• Latifundia Extensive Farming-Hiltops
• Only1/4 owned own land
• 70 of holdings smaller than 3 Hectares of poor
  land
• Minifundia overgrazing/overcultivation soil
  erosion

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THE MEZZOGIORNOPrimary Activities

• Post 1950 land reform/Casa per il Mezzogiorno
• Land redistribution larger holdings 5-50 hectares
• Retraining more Intensive farming-new
  machinery/new crops-citrus and olives/vines(cash
  crops) for large EU market- 2 seasons
• Irrigation eg Gulf of Metapontino(was malaria
  swamp)-5 rivers (coastal lowlans now the most
  successful area)

• Pre 1950's most employed in Farming/Fishing
• Very Low incomes 50 of average
• Latifundia Extensive Farming-Hiltops
• Only1/4 owned own land
• 70 of holdings smaller than 3 Hectares of poor
  land
• Minifundia overgrazing/overcultivation soil
  erosion

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Mezzogiorno-Secondary Sector

• Between 1960-2000 workforce almost tripled to
  1.4ml/reduction on Primary sector dependance
• 75 0f new jobs in Steel
• /Chemicals/Engineering located on
  coast
• Inland areas remain depressed
• Most successful area Bari/Brindisi/Taranto
• Deep water port_at_ TarantoOil Refining/SteelMill
• Car Assembly_at_ Latina-Fronsione 16,000 workers
• Oil Refining/Potash_at_Siracusa

• By 1950's only 17 of Italian workforce in
  Mezzogiorno
• Government help-Casa per ilMezzogiorno/Grants/TaxR
  elief
• Infrastructure developed-Autostrada/Ports/Airports
  
• State companies 80 of new investment
• Development of Industrial Zones-Brindisi/Palermo/B
  ari/
• Naples

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Mezzogiorno Tertiary Sector

• Traditionally very poorly developed Fascist
  regime of Mussolini and Mafia influence didn't
  help
• Under Casa major investment in transport system
  Autostrada del Sol running from Swiss Border to
  toe of Calabria. Also other large motorway
  connecting West to East of Mezzogiorno. Both help
  to connect it to the Core
• Port developments in South West have improved
  accessibility Taranto/Bari/Brindisi
• Long hot dry summers thanks to anticyclone
  settling over the South has helped develop
  tourist numbers
• Also the historical Roman sites, expansive
  underdeveloped beaches and coastal scenery have
  helped develop the tourist sector
• Cheaper than other Italian holiday areas eg. The
  Northern Lakes and Amalfi coast

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Mezzogiorno Tertiary Sector cntd.

• Over 12 Million tourists now visit the
  Mezzogiorno annually
• 9 Million come from other parts of Italy Need
  to further develop foreign tourists to help bring
  in further revenue
• Geomorphological sites are very popular eg. Mt
  Vesuvius near Naples and Mt. Etna in Sicily
• Herculaneum and Pompeii and the Isle of Capri are
  hugely popular with tourists and bring valuable
  revenue to this area
• The area is not overly commercialised unlike high
  profile tourist areas of Spain, Portugal and
  France so still has a natural feel to it
• The tourist season in the Mezzogiorno should be
  able to overcome seasonality which is a problem
  in other areas. This is due to warm weather for
  large parts of the year particularly in the East
  which also receives less rainfall due to the rain
  shadow of the Apennines

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Subcontinental Region - India
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India A Sub Continental Region
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India A Subcontinental Region - Physical
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INDIA - BASIC STATISTICS Geographical Location
Between latitudes 804 and 3706 North and
longitudes 6807 and 97025 East. Land Area
3.29 Million Square Kilometers. Climate Mainly
tropical with temperatures ranging from 100C
400C in most parts of the country. Capital New
Delhi. Population 1.147 Billion (estimated as
at March 2008). Population growth rate 1.606
per annum. Population density 348 persons /
square kilometer. (Population / land area in
sqkm) Life expectancy at birth 66.28 years,
male 71.17 years, female. Literacy rate
65.47 (as per 2001 Census). Languages spoken
Eighteen principal languages majority speak
Hindi business language English. Major
religions Hinduism, Islam, Christianity,
Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism. International
Airports Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Bangalore,
Chennai, Dabolim, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Kochi,
Kolkata, Mumbai, Nagpur, New Delhi, Shrinagar and
Thiruvananthapuram. Major Seaports Chennai,
Ennore, Haldia, Kandla, Kochi, Kolkata, Marmagao,
Mumbai, New Mangalore, Paradip, Tuticorin and
Vishakhapatnam.
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India Physical Processes

• 3 Main Regions Northern Mountains/Indus-Ganges
  Plain/ Southern Plateau
• NORTHERN MOUNTAINS
• Extremely high and separate India from neighbours
• Extend from Hindu Kush in North West to Himalayas
  in North East containing Mt Everest and next 23
  highest peaks in world
• Formed by tectonic collision of Eurasian Plate
  (Continental) and Indian Plate (Oceanic)
• Collision caused uplifting at the convergent
  boundary and formed fold mts aprx. 35 Million
  years ago (Alpine Fold System)

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India Physical Processes cntd.

• Indus-Ganges Plain
• A huge depression formed south of the fold mts..
  Follows the Indus river valley from Pakistan
  through Ganges valley and ends in Bangladesh as a
  double Delta Ganges/Brahmaputra
• Covered in thousands of metres of rich Alluvial
  soils washed down by Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra
  which are swollen by summer meltwater from these
  rivers causing flooding of their floodplains
• Flooding is positive from soil formation point of
  view but negative as valuable land can be
  destroyed

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India Physical Processes cntd.

• Southern Plateaux
• The south is made up of a number of plateaux
• Largest is Deccan Plateau which tilts from West
  to East
• 2 mountain ranges Western Ghats/Eastern Ghats,
  border narrow coastal ranges
• Both mountain ranges have an effect on onshore
  winds and the amount of rainfall falling on the
  peninsula area of India

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INDIA - Climate
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India Physical Processes cntd.

• CLIMATE
• Tropical Continental Monsoon most of India is
  in the Tropics
• Frost only happens in mountains of North and
  North West
• Temperatures are generally high all year round
  but summer maximum inland can reach 40c
• 2 Seasons Dry Monsoon/Wet Monsoon
• DRY MONSOON
• October-February cool winds blow outwards from
  area of high pressure in centre of Asia. Dry
  winds bringing freezing temperatures and snow to
  North
• March-June these winds become warmer and can
  bring temperatures up to 49c to Ganges Valley

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India Physical Processes cntd.

• WET MONSOON
• Mid June-September warm ocean winds are sucked in
  to a low pressure area 2 winds
• First wind is a South-West monsoon from Arabian
  Sea. Air rises to come in over Western Ghats and
  falls as intense relief rain
• Second wind blows from Bay of Bengal and goes
  northwards along Brahmaputra and Ganges river
  valleys Can give up to 10,000mm over a six week
  period
• The further west along the Ganges valley they go
  the lighter the rains become. By the time they
  get to extreme North West they have become dry
  and lead to Desert conditions
• Monsoons bring essential water supplies to India
  and if they are late or do not arrive at all can
  bring widespread famine to the country as crops
  fail

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PRIMARY ACTIVITIES - Agriculture

• India has the same amount of cultivated land as
  in the whole of the EU
• Cereal production is the main type of farming
• Holdings are small aprx. 0.5 Hectares some have
  no land at all
• 2/3 of India's population depend directly on the
  land
• ¼ of agricultural land owned by less than 5
• Intensive subsistence
• Rice is main crop also wheat and millet in
  drier Northern areas
• Very labour intensive most done by hand
• Double-Cropping is widespread. Rice grown in wet
  season and other cereals grown in dry season

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PRIMARY ACTIVITIES Agriculture cntd.

• The population is ever increasing which means
  output also needs to increase huge demand
• Genetically Modified varieties of rice/wheat
  giving high yields and resistant to disease/pests
  have been introduced - This is the 'Green
  Revolution' and has led India to become a net
  exporter of some foods
• Largest livestock numbers in the world but of
  poor quality. Slaughter of cows is outlawed in
  many states of India due to religious beliefs
  (Hindu)
• Most beef comes from malnourished cattle who have
  died of old age and is not very nutritious
• Agriculture totally dependent on the arrival of
  the 2 Monsoon periods

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PRIMARY ACTIVITIES - Mining

• Large reserves of Iron Ore and Copper
• Also Bauxite which makes Aluminium,
  Zinc/Gold/Silver
• Oil reserves in the Arabian Sea and brought to
  shore in Mumbai
• Coal produced in West Bengal and Bihar

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SECONDARY ACTIVITIES

• Independence achieved in 1947 and only 2 of
  labour force was employed in Industry at that
  time
• Most industry concentrated on main cities
  (colonial legacy) Kolkata/Mumbai/Chennai due to
  large cheap labour force/large home market and
  natural resources(coal iron)
• New Indian govt focused on
• 1. Agri-Industry Food Processing/Fertilisers
  
• 2. Craft Industries employing large amounts
  of people with traditional skills
• 3. Rural Community based projects to reduce
  migration from rural areas to cities
• 4. High tech industries Computers/Engineerin
  g located mostly in Kolkata/Mumbai/Chennai/Banga
  lore

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INDIA Secondary Sector

• New growth sectors include call centres in cities
  such as Mumbai and Bangalore

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SECONDARY ACTIVITIES cntd.

• New Capital City set up after independence New
  Delhi- a new urban centre to attract economic
  development
• Major growth areas were also developed in the
  established cities shift focus from Industries
  developed during British occupation
• MUMBAI Electronics/Pharmaceuticals (to add to
  traditional industries such as food processing
  and textiles)
• CHENNAI Computer Software (to add to textiles
  and light engineering)
• KOLKATA Cotton /Clothing/Jute/Heavy engineering
  had always been here(British) but it became
  enhanced with the development of the Indian owned
  TATA IRON AND STEEL COMPANY

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INDIA Tertiary Activities

• Very poorly developed and typical of a poor
  population with little money to spend on services
• 2 Types of Services
• 1. Regular Services for Wealthy members of
  society (5 of population)
• 2. The Informal Sector (Black Market?) Unlicensed
  vendors/street traders/organised begging
  rackets/prostitution/drug dealing
• Transport
• Very poor road infrastructure most of rural
  India does not have access to tarred roads
  suitable for cars and other vehicles
• Many rural communities depend on dirt-tracks and
  cattle-drawn carts

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INDIA Tertiary Sector cntd.

• Tourism
• India has such a vast and diverse landscape that
  it could offer much for potential tourists
• Mountain Climbing/Trekking Himalayas/Ghats
• Religious temples Hindu/Buddhist/Sikh/Muslim
• Rivers Transport/Adventure/Spirituality-
  Ganges/Brahmaputra/Indus
• Wide variety of wildlife
• The problem is that the poor development of the
  country's infrastructure and safety issues in
  cities along with racial/religious tensions in
  areas such as Kashmir restrict the potential of
  tourism
• Poverty and disease can be off putting for
  potential tourists

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INDIA Human Processes

• Population

Population 1.2 billion (1/4 of everyone on
planet) Only a quarter of them have access to
clean water Half are illiterate
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INDIA Human ProcessesPopulation cntd.

• Natural Increase 1.6 per year -ie its
  population increases by aprx. 16 Million per
  year! This will continue as a trend as India's
  population is very young
• Estimates suggest the Indian population could
  reach 2 Billion by 2040
• Death Rates are quite high despite improvements
  in healthcare
• Large rural families due to social reasons
  (looking after parents)/religious/cultural
  beliefs
• Food supply is becoming a major challenge
• Insufficient jobs for this population growth
  further poverty
• Rural-Urban migration is almost out of control
• India has only recently entered the third stage
  of the 'POPULATION CYCLE'
• Population distribution is uneven. High
  population densities in the Ganges river
  valley/coastal lowlands but low population
  densities in the interior regions areas such as
  Thar Desert/Mountainous regions

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INDIA Human Processes - Culture
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INDIA - Culture

• India's culture has been influenced by
• Migration of Indo-Europeans
• Spread of Islam
• British Colonialism
• India has over 1,600 languages and dialects
  (Disunity)
• Schools teach 58 different languages
• National newspapers printed in 87 different
  languages
• These languages/dialects can be arranged into
  2Main Groups
• 1. Indo-European
• 2. Dravidian
• Hindi is the official state language resented
  by other language groups

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INDIA Human ProcessesReligion

• HINDUISM
• Multi-layered CASTE system Highest ranked such
  as priests (Brahmins) at the top. The bottom are
  the unclean (Untouchables)
• It is frowned upon to socialise or marry outside
  your own caste happening somewhat now in large
  urban centres
• Hindus regard cow as sacred
• The dominant religion
• ISLAM
• Introduced by traders
• 200 Million muslims in India
• Most common in Indus/Ganges river basins
• Not common in peninsular India
• A growing religion accepts converts
  disillusioned with other religions

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INDIA Human Processes Religion cntd.

• Sikhism
• Founded in 15th century
• No caste system
• Powerful cultural group
• Focal area is the Punjab region
• Buddhism
• A minority religion in India
• Christianity
• A minority religion in India

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Conflict In Kashmir

• 1947 Creation of the two countries
• Secular, mostly Hindu India
• Muslim nation of Pakistan
• Conflict between Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir
  dates back to British rule before partition.
• India and Pakistan are technically still waiting
  for a UN decision on where the final border
  between the two countries will be.
• Civil war has erupted repeatedly and sporadic
  fighting continues along the boundary line. Both
  India and Pakistan have nuclear weapons.