6. COMPUTERS

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ISM 4300 Managing Information Resources
Computer Hardware
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COMPUTER COMPONENTS
BUSES
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CPU PRIMARY STORAGE
DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS
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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
CONTROL UNIT
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ALU CONTROL UNIT

• ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT CPU component performs
  logic and arithmetic operations
• CONTROL UNIT CPU component controls, coordinates
  other parts of computer system

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INSTRUCTION EXECUTION CYCLE

• Instruction Cycle
• 1. FETCH
• 2. DECODE
• 3. PLACE IN INSTRUCTION REGISTER
• 4. PLACE INTO ADDRESS REGISTER

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INSTRUCTION EXECUTION CYCLE

• Execution Cycle
• 5. SEND DATA FROM MAIN MEMORY TO STORAGE
  REGISTER
• 6. COMMAND ALU
• 7. ALU PERFORMS OPERATION
• 8. SEND RESULT TO ACCUMULATOR

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COMPUTER TIME
PER COMPARED
NAME LENGTH
SECOND TO 1 SECOND

• Millisecond .001 second thousand 15min 40
  sec
• Microsecond .001 millisecond million 11.6
  days
• Nanosecond .001microsecond billion 31.7
  years
• Picosecond .001 nanosecond trillion 31,700
  years

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TYPES OF MEMORY

• RAM Random Access Memory
• Dynamic Changes thru processing
• Static Remains constant (power on)
• ROM Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)
• PROM Program can be changed once
• EPROM Erasable thru ultraviolet light
• EEPROM Electrically erasable
• Also, primary and secondary memory

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MEMORY SIZE

• KILOBYTE (KT) 210 bytes... 1024 bytes
• MEGABYTE (MB) 210 KB... million bytes
• GIGABYTE (GB) 210 MB... billion bytes
• TERABYTE (TB) 210 GB... trillion bytes

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MICROPROCESSOR

• VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU
• WORD LENGTH bits processed at one time
• MEGAHERTZ one million cycles per second
• DATA BUS WIDTH bits moved between CPU other
  devices
• REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC) embeds
  most used instructions on chip to enhance speed
• MultiMedia eXtension (MMX) enhanced Intel chip
  improves multimedia applications

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EXAMPLES OF MICROPROCESSORS
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SEQUENTIAL PARALLEL PROCESSING
SEQUENTIAL
PARALLEL
PCs are now being built with parallel processors!
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SECONDARY STORAGE

• DISK
• TAPE
• OPTICAL STORAGE

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DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE

• HARD DISK Steel platter array for large computer
  systems
• RAID Redundant array of Inexpensive Disks
• FLOPPY DISK Removable disk for PC

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DISK PACK STORAGE

• LARGE SYSTEMS
• RELIABLE STORAGE
• LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA
• QUICK ACCESS RETRIEVABLE
• TYPICAL 11 2-sided disks
• CYLINDER Same track all surfaces

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TRACKS AND SECTORS
EACH TRACK HOLDS SAME AMOUNT OF DATA
SECTOR
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OPTICAL STORAGE

• CD-ROM 500-660 MEGABYTES
• LAND flat parts of disk surface reflects light
• PITS small scratch on surface scatters light
• WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM)
• CD-R Compact Disk - Recordable
• CD-RW CD - Rewritable
• DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD) CD size, up to 10
  gigabytes of data

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MAGNETIC CARTRIDGE

• ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE
• USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS
• INEXPENSIVE
• STORED IN SAFE LOCATION
• CAN BE REUSED

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INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES

• POINTING DEVICES
• SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
• OUTPUT DEVICES

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POINTING DEVICES

• KEYBOARD
• MOUSE
• WIRED
• INFRA-RED
• TRACKBALL
• TOUCH PAD
• JOYSTICK
• TOUCH SCREEN

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SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

• CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME PLACE OF
  TRANSACTION
• OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR) saves
  characters, format
• BAR CODE identifies products in stores,
  warehouses, shipments
• MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR)
  special ink identifies bank, account, amount

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SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

• PEN-BASED INPUT Digitizes signature
• DIGITAL SCANNER Translates images characters
  into digital form
• VOICE INPUT DEVICES Converts spoken word into
  digital form
• SENSORS Devices that collect data from
  environment for computer input (e.g.,
  thermometers, pressure gauges)

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OUTPUT DEVICES

• CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)
• PRINTER
• PLOTTER
• VOICE OUTPUT DEVICE
• MULTIMEDIA

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DATA PROCESSING

• BATCH PROCESSING Transaction data stored until
  convenient to process as a group. Useful for less
  time-sensitive actions.
• ON-LINE PROCESSING Transaction data entered
  directly into system, constantly updating files.
  Requires direct-access devices.
• on-line batch
• on-line real-time

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INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA

• INTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIA
• TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, VIDEO, ANIMATION
• STREAMING TECHNOLOGY
• MP3 Audio compression standard

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The Startup Process
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CMOS

• CMOS holds important system data used during the
  start process and makes them instantly available
  to the POST and BIOS programs (loaded from ROM).
  The values are regarding
• Floppy and hard disk drives
• The keyboard
• The CPU, cache, chip set values, RAM type
• Date and time
• Much more ...

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CMOS
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ROM
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CPU

• The CPU history is closely tied to the companies
  IBM and especially Intel.
• The CPUs have their roots back to Intel's chip
  4004 from 1971.
• You can identify seven or eight CPU generations
  up till today.
• The compatibility concept has been important
  throughout the development.

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Dataflow on the mother board
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Data flow to the CPU
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The System and I/O buses
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Caching with L1 and L2
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EIDE Cable and Sockets
                                                
                                                  
                                                  
   

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Serial I/O Buses

• Soon high-end PC probably will hold both these
  serial I/O buses
• USB version 2 for all low speed gear.
• FireWire for high speed I/O to Digital Video
  recorders, high-end scanners etc.
• Firewire is Apple's implementation of the
  IEEE1394 standard.

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Displays
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the Video Chip
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Recording with a sound card
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Playback with a sound card.
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Creative Labs Soundblaster
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Sound with a USB or firewire
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Standards Commitees

• ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
• ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic
  Engineers)
• ISO (International Standards Organization)
• VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association)

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IEEE

• IEEE sets standards for most types of electrical
  interfaces. Its most famous standard is probably
  RS-232C, which defines an interface for serial
  communication. This is the interface used by most
  modems, and a number of other devices, including
  display screens and mice.
• Another standard is IEEE 1394 for firewire.

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Questions

• What are the main advances in PC technology over
  the past ten years?
• What are the main problems in supporting business
  PCs?
• What is the relationship between PC hardware and
  software? What problems can this cause in PC
  support?

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end