Title: Effect of Sport Nutrition Education in High School Students from Low-Income Communities
1Effect of Sport Nutrition Education in High
School Students from Low-Income Communities
- Jeffrey C. Little, MS, RD
- Stella L. Volpe, PhD, RD, FACSM
- Department of Nutrition
2Outline
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- Statement of the Problem
- Significance of the Study
- Purpose of the Study
3Outline
- Study Design
- Statistical Analyses
- Results
- Conclusion
- Future Research Implications
4Adolescent Nutrition
- Nutritional requirements during adolescence
- Changes in eating habits during adolescence
(Mitchell, Nutrition Across the Life Span,
Philadelphia, PA. W.B. Saunders, 1997)
5Adolescent Nutrition
- Factors effecting adolescent food choices
- Perceived body image
- Social cultural differences
- Eating under time constraints
- Lack of family guidance
- Peer pressure
- Mass media
- Nutrition education
(Mitchell, Nutrition Across the Life Span,
Philadelphia, PA. W.B. Saunders, 1997)
6Nutrition Knowledge
- Douglas Douglas, 1984
- 940 high school student-athletes in Connecticut
- 48-question survey
- Mean score 26.4 (55)
- Emphasized the need for further nutrition
education in adolescents
(JADA, 84(10) 1198-1202, 1984)
7Nutrition Knowledge
- Skinner Woodburn, 1984
- 1,193 high school adolescents in Oregon
- Mean correct score of 39.4
- Reported a general lack of nutrition knowledge in
these students
(JOSH, 54 71-74, 1984)
8Nutrition Knowledge
- Perry-Hunnicut Newman, 1993
- 3,632 8th and 10th grade high school students
throughout the United States - National Adolescent Student Health Survey
- 13-item questionnaire
- Mean score of 6.1 and 6.5 for males and females,
respectively - High school students do not posses appropriate
nutrition knowledge
9Nutrition Status in Communities of Low-Income
- Dietary Quality
- Healthy Eating Index (HEI)
- 10 Components of a healthy diet
- Positive relationship with level of education and
income - African-Americans score lowest
(Family Economics Nutrition Review, 12(2)
39-43, 1999)
10Nutrition Status in Communities of Low-Income
- Food Insufficiency
- NHANES III (1988 1994)
- Insufficiency prevalence rate of 4.1
- Poverty status
- In 1994, 38 million Americans at or below the
poverty level
(Alaimo et al., AJPH, 88(3) 419-426, 1998)
11Nutrition Status in Communities of Low-Income
- Educational Differences
- Disproportionate balance of educational resources
- Budget restraints
- Lower enrollment rates
- Increased drop out rates
12Nutrition Intervention in Communities of
Low-Income
- Hartman et al. (1997)
- Intervention study on 134 low-literacy, adult
participants (EFNEP) in Twin Cities - Low-fat eating patterns
- Pre- and Post-test questionnaire
- 10 educational sessions
- Results indicate the effectiveness of producing
statistically significant, intervention-related
behavior changes in low-income adults
13Nutrition Knowledge of Adolescents in
Communities of Low-Income
- Thakur DAmico (1999)
- 20-question survey to 292 high school students in
3 separate Philadelphia schools - Schools 1 and 2 lower to middle SES
- School 3 predominately middle SES
- Examined nutrition knowledge, food preferences,
and food-related behaviors towards obesity
14Nutrition Knowledge of Adolescents in Communities
of Low-Income
- Results indicated an overall poor level of
nutrition knowledge - Significant differences by SES in
- Identifying energy requirements
- Identifying high-fat foods
- Recommended servings for fruit and vegetables
(Family Medicine, 31 122-127, 1999)
15Nutrition Knowledge of Adolescents in Communities
of Low-Income
- Beech et al., 1999
- 22-question nutrition knowledge survey in the New
Orleans area - 2,213 high school students
- Mean overall correct score was 39
- Significant ethnic differences (p lt 0.001)
- Overall low scores consistent with previous
studies indicating a general lack of nutrition
knowledge among adolescents
(JOAH, 24 244-250, 1999)
16Sport Supplements
- Popular within society
- Billion dollar industry
- Use among adolescents is increasing
- Few studies conducted regarding knowledge of
sport supplements among adolescents -
(Levin, AOIM, 131(3) 161-164, 1999)
17Adolescent Supplement Knowledge
- Krowchuck et al., 1989
- Survey of 295 high school student-athletes in the
greater Cleveland area - use and attitudes towards nutrition supplements
- Students require appropriate information on the
efficacy and risks involved with sport supplements
(Sports Medicine, 143 486-489, 1989)
18Adolescent Supplement Knowledge
- Massad et al., 1995
- Supplement knowledge in Indiana high school
students (n 507) - Mean score out of 21
- 13.3 (62.5) for males (n 302)
- 14.2 (67.1) for females (n 205)
- Low scores indicate a need for additional sport
supplement education in high school students
(IJSN, 5 232-245, 1995)
19Nutrition and Supplement Knowledge of Adolescents
in Low-income Communities
- Adolescents in low-income communities
- receive less educational resources and support
- limited assessment of nutrition knowledge
- no research conducted on sport supplement
knowledge
(Armstrong Welsman, Young People Physical
Activity, Oxford Oxford University Press,1997)
20Statement of the Problem
- Adolescents who are not properly educated in
nutrition will make less healthy choices and
their diets may be compromised - In doing so, they may begin to form poor eating
habits which can result in chronic disease when
they become adults
21Statement of the Problem
- Sport supplement knowledge of adolescents is
insufficient and education is limited to higher
income communities
22Statement of the Problem
- Adolescents who are limited in their basic
nutrition knowledge do not possess the ability to
decipher which supplements are appropriate to
consume, which may be potentially harmful, and
which can be easily attained through their diet
23Significance of the Study
- Only study to date that has assessed the use of
sport supplements in a low-income community - First study to assess sport supplement knowledge
after educational intervention
24Significance of the Study
- Will provide these adolescents who may be
susceptible to inappropriate outside sources of
nutrition and sport supplement information, with
the most up-to-date information on the efficacy
and risks associated with the use of sport
supplements
25Significance of the Study
- Provide adolescents from a low-income community
with necessary information to enhance their
growth and development through proper nutrition
26Purpose
- The purpose of this study was to assess the
effect of a sport nutrition education curricula
on the sport nutrition knowledge of high school
students in a low-income community
27Study Design
- Included 50 subjects from a high school in a
low-income community - North Star Academy (NSA)
- 50 of entire student body enrolled in National
School Lunch Program - Students were assigned to either experimental or
control group - According to NSA class schedule
- Investigator attempted an even distribution
28Methodology
Week One Pre-Test Questionnaire
Week Two Session 1
Week Three Session 2
Week Four Session 3
Week Five Session 4
Week Six Session 5
Week Seven Post-Test Questionnaire
29Methodology
- Questionnaire
- Validated by Massad and Shier (1993)
- Internal consistency r 0.78
- Permission for use granted by Massad et al.
(1995) - Updated with 7 additional questions by present
investigator
30Methodology
- 5 Educational lessons
- Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins
- Vitamins, Minerals Water
- Protein Supplements Creatine Monohydrate
- Fat-Burning Supplements
- Steroid-Alternative Supplements
31Statistical Analyses
- Post-hoc power estimation
- Power Sample Size
- 86 30
- 94 40
- 98 50
- Actual sample size was 39
32Statistical Analyses
- Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
- SPSS version 10.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL
- p-value was set a priori at 0.05
- Any questions where gt 80 of the students scored
correctly at pre-test were not included in
analyses
33Statistical Analyses
- Two-tailed paired T-test
- Chi-square analyses
- Mean differences pre- to pos-test
- Gender
- High school class level