Buildings and Structures 1

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Buildings and Structures 1

• Building Types and Components

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Aim

• To provide students with information that will
  enable them to recognise the basic types of
  building design and the principal components.

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Learning OutcomesAt the end of the
session students will be able to

• State the most commonly used construction types
• Identify types of doors, windows and roof lights
  commonly used
• List the principal components of a staircase
• List the types of roof commonly found.

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Types of buildings

• Solid or traditional construction
• Structural steel frame construction
• Reinforced concrete construction
• Modular system construction
• Liftslab construction.

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Solid construction

• Solid load bearing walls
• Set back at upper floors
• Commonly made of brick, concrete blocks or stone
• Cast iron columns
• Cast iron or timber beams
• Warehouses, mills, factories and offices.

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Buildings and structures.
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Structural steel

• High number of design options
• Skeletal framework often complex
• Loads carried by beams
• Structure is covered by cladding
• Large use of glass, polycarbonate and plastic
• Large shopping centres, sports centres and
  multi-storey offices.

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Structural steel.
Roof spans between main beams
Main beams
Tie Beam
Secondary beam
Floor spans between main beams
Stanchions
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Reinforced concrete

• Alternative to steel frame
• Columns support beams on which are laid slab
  flooring sections
• Columns, beams and slabs integrally cast to form
  a monolithic structure
• Two common methods of construction.

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Reinforced concrete(1)Pre cast reinforced
concrete frame

• Factory produced frame components
• Transported for assembly on site
• Similar techniques to steel frame.

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Reinforced concrete(2)Composite construction

• Utilises the advantages of modern lightweight
  structural steelwork
• Marriage between steelwork pre cast concrete
  columns.

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Composite construction
Concrete Spine beam
Steel Spine beam.
Gable columns
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PCR concrete frame.
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Modular structures

• Pre fabricated components
• High design flexibility
• Specially designed connectors
• Encased in concrete to provide a degree of fire
  and corrosion protection.

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Modular building.
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Typical modular connector.
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Lift slab construction

• Building framework formed by columns
• Hydraulic rams used to lift roof then floors into
  position
• Height can be increased by splicing on
  additional sections of column.

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Early phase of Slab construction.
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2nd Phase Slab construction.
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Doors, windows and rooflights

• Types of door
• Hinged
• Swing
• Revolving
• Sliding
• Folding
• Cantilever
• Roller shutter.

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Hinged doors

• Most commonly found type
• All close against a rebate on the door jamb
• Four commonly found types
• Flush
• Panelled
• Ledged
• Metal.

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Swing doors

• Pin hinges allow door to swing in any direction
• Door jamb not fitted with a rebate
• Often partially glazed using wired glass or
  copper glazing bars
• Found in restaurants, department stores and
  hotels.

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Revolving doors

• Present an obstruction to firefighting operations
  unless dealt with
• Usually 4 or 2 wings
• Designed to be collapsed down
• Essential they are used in conjunction with a
  hinged door.

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Sliding doors

• Solid or lattice construction
• Widely used in commercial buildings
• Can slide on one or both sides of an opening or
  into a central recess
• Lattice type usually for security or to protect
  an area such as a lift or lift shaft.

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Folding doors

• Usually lightweight construction
• Similar in design to hinged doors
• Two or more leaves hinged together
• Whole door opens to one side only
• Often used to separate two rooms.

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Cantilever doors

• Door is counter balanced and pivoted so it rises
  upwards
• Lies horizontal when open
• Generally fits flush to the opening when closed
• Usually found on garages.

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Roller shutters

• Nearly always made of steel
• Small examples can be raised by hand
• Large examples usually operated by means of
  gearing and handle or chain and block
• Usually found on commercial premises.

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Windows

• Allow natural light into a building
• Serve to provide ventilation to rooms
• Generally two types, referred to according to the
  method of opening
• Casement
• Sash.

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Casement windows

• The simplest form consists of a rectangular frame
  with the casement hung on it
• When more than one casement can be opened it is
  referred to as a 2,3 or 4 light casement.

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VENTLIGHT
TRANSOM.
FRAME
CASEMENT
DEADLIGHT
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Sash windows

• Pivoted sash - opening part supported by pivots
  at each side of opening part of window or top and
  bottom
• The term SASH refers to the opening portion and
  includes the glass and the surround
• Partially inside and outside of opening when open.

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Sash windows

• Sliding sash windows
• Slide vertically
• Double hung is the common form of this type of
  sash, both sashes slide vertically in the frame
• Another type consists of two sashes, one or both
  of which can be opened horizontally.

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STAIRS AND ROOFS
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Stairs

• Common materials
• Wood
• Stone
• Pre cast concrete
• Steel
• Composite.

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Stairs
RISER
TREAD
NOSING
CAPPING
STRING
BEARER
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HEADROOM
BANNISTER
RISE
NEWEL POST
GOING
SPANDREL
RUN
PITCH LINE
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Confirmation Assessments
will be based on this lesson and the
corresponding study note

• Learning Outcomes
• The most commonly used construction types
• The types of doors, windows and roof lights
  commonly used
• The principal components of a staircase
• The types of roof commonly found.

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THE END