Introduction to Earth Science

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Introduction to Earth Science

• Prologue

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• INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCE
• Earth science-
• -study of Earths systems
• Includes

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• Includes
• -meteorology

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• Includes
• -meteorology
• -astronomy

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• Includes
• -meteorology
• -astronomy
• -geology

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• Includes
• 1) meteorology
• 2) astronomy
• 3) geology
• 4) oceanography

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• OBSERVATION-
• -Use senses for information
• -We use INSTRUMENTS to extend the senses

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• OBSERVATION-
• -Use senses for information
• -We use INSTRUMENTS to extend the senses
• INFERENCE-
• -make a conclusion (guess)
• -making sense of observations

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• CLASSIFICATION-
• -arranging into groups
• -helps organize information

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• Scientific notation-
• shorthand for numbers
• Example
• 3.0 x 103
• 3.0 x (10x10x10) 3000

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• Do now
• 3.5 x 103 ______________
• 8.6 x 105 _______________
• 7.4 x 102 _______________

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• 80,000 8 x 104
• 520,000,000
• 42,000,000,000,000

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• PERCENT ERROR-
• -how wrong you are

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Accepted value correct answer Measured value
your guess
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• Temperature?

Accepted value -
measured value PCT ERROR --------------------
-------------------------- x 100
accepted value
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?

• Temperature?

Accepted value -
measured value PCT ERROR --------------------
-------------------------- x 100
accepted value
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There are 495 jellybeans.
Accepted value -
measured value PCT ERROR --------------------
-------------------------- x 100
accepted value
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• Practice
• A student measures a table to be 1.9m long. In
  reality it is 2.0m long. What is the percent
  error of the student?
• 2.0 1.9 X 100 5
• 2.0

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• A student measures a room to be 6.9m. If
  the actual length is 7.5m, the students percent
  error is?
• 7.5 6.9 X 100 8
• 7.5

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• A student determines the volume of a cube to
  be 8.6cm3. The correct volume is really 8.0cm3.
  What is the students percent error?
• 8.6 8.0 X 100 7.5
• 8.0

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• Graphs -
• A visual way to present data
• Types of graphs
• -line graphs

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• Types of graphs
• -line graphs
• Uses coordinates (x and y axis)

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• Types of graphs
• -line graphs
• direct indirect or inverse cyclic
• relationship relationship
  relationship

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• Rules for making graphs
• 1) The graph should be as simple and easy to
  read as possible.

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• Rules for making graphs
• On each axis, equal intervals must represent
  equal changes

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• Rules for making graphs
• 3) Time is always plotted on the x
  (horizontal) axis

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• Rules for making graphs
• 4) When possible, make best fit line(s)

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• Rules for making graphs
• 5) Fit the graph to the paper. Make it large
  enough to fit most of the paper.

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• Rules for making graphs
• 6) Label each axis with quantity and units

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• Rules for making graphs
• 7) The graph should make sense.

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Can you find the error in this graph?
Should be a line graph
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Line should not start at zero Neither axis is
labeled with units
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Labels on axis switched
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Graph does not fit line Vertical axis does not
increase evenly
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• DENSITY

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• Density-
• -how heavy an object is compared to an
  object of the same size
• mass
• Density ------------------
• volume
• units for mass g
• units for volume cm3 or ml
• units for density g/cm3 or g/ml

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• example
• volume of cube 40cm3
• mass of cube 70g
• density ?

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• but..

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• ButWhat if you cut the cube in half?
• Do now
• volume 40cm3 20cm3
• mass 70g 35g
• density _______________
• the density of an object doesnt change

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• Example 2
• volume of rectangle _____ mass of rectangle
  100g
• density ?

4 cm
2 cm
3 cm
Volume length x width x height
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Which is more dense?
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Which is more dense?
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Which is more dense?
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Which is more dense?
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Which is more dense?
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• Average densities
• -water 1 g/cm3 at 4o C
• below 4oC the density of water decreases.
  Above 4oC, the density of water increases
• -Ice 0.5 g/cm3
• -Earth 5.5 g/cm3
• -Saturn 0.7 g/cm3
• -human ?

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• rate of change-
• -How fast something changes
• change in value
• rate of change ----------------------
  
• change in time

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• example
• From 300 pm to 600 pm the air temperature
  falls from 85oF to 79oF. What is the rate of
  change for temperature during this time?
• Rate of change

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• Do now
• In 60 years, the shoreline at Rye Beach has
  shrunk by 30 inches. What is the rate of change
  for the shoreline?

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• Some changes are cyclic.
• Examples