Title: Labeling Theory
1Labeling Theory
- Emphasizes on ways Individuals react to Deviance
2Labeling Theory History
- Labeling Theory came from the new social thinking
of the 1960s and 1970s - It is the manifestation of the mistrust of
governmental power - New civil rights decisions
- Revamping of the education system
3Labeling Theory History
- Traces Back to Frank Tannenbaums 1938 Crime and
the Community - Criminal behavior is a product of the The
conflict between a group and the community at
large.
4Labeling Theory
- Those engaging in criminal behavior are not
necessarily criminal - Why do people become criminal becomes How do
people get reacted to as being deviant?(Becker,
1970) - Certain individuals are labeled as deviant
- The subsequent effect of labeling
5Two Results of Labeling
- The Label may catch the attention of the labeling
audience - The Label stigmatizes as the Label is
internalized This is SECONDARY DEVIANCE
6Primary And Secondary Deviance
- Secondary deviance is when a person reacts to the
label
7The ZIG Zag Path
- The formation of a Persons Identity is a
reflection of others definition of him or her - Individuals who are labeled as deviant become
more deviant than if they had not been so labeled - AW, Everyone is Labeled! Yes, but the label must
PROFOUNDLY shape the way others react to him/her
8Becker(1967)
- One of the most crucial steps in the process of
building a stable pattern of deviant behavior is
likely to be the experience of being caught and
publicly labeled as a deviant. - Treating a person as though he were generally
rather than specifically deviant produces a self
fulfilling prophecyconspire to shape the person
in the image people have of him. (Becker 1967)
9Labeling Concepts
- Master Status-There are central traits of a
persons identity that binds them to other traits - Example Priest, Physician
- Retrospective Interpretation Identities can be
reconstructed to crate a new label
10Primary Deviance
Individual Reacts to the Label
Secondary Deviance
Strengthening of Self concept
Individual Joins Deviant Subculture
Master Status
11Policy Changes Empirical Validity
- Criminological theory of shaming an extension
(rip off) of labeling - Juvenile diversion
- Sealing of juvenile records
- Decriminalization
- Deinstitutionalization
12Those in Power Create Laws
The process Labels Some As Criminals
13Conflict Theory
- Crime is the Outcome of Class Struggle
14The Capitalist Bourgeoisie
Wages
PROFITS
Proletariat
(Those that do the Actual Labor)
Lumpen Proletariat
The parasites
15Surplus Value
Worker produces Goods
Surplus creates profit
The profit Goes to the Bourgeoisie. They buy
machines to replace workers
When workers make less, they buy less. This
creates an economic crisis.
16Marx on Law
- Law itself is a tool of the ruling class
- All crime is a product of class struggle
- Relationships to the mode of production as an
explanation for crime
17Conflict Theory
- People kept in a state of poverty will rebel by
committing crimes - Crime is the outcome of CLASS STRUGGLE
- Powerful groups use Laws to Support Their
Interests - Interests of One Group do Not coincide with
another
18Social and Political Unrest/Race class and gender
discrimination/exploiting the working class
19Quinney
- The Criminal justice movement is a
state-initiated and stste supported effort to
rationalize mechanisms of social control. The
larger purpose is to secure a capitalist order
that is in grave crisis, likely in the final
stage of development.
20Radical Perspectives
- Structural Marxism
- Law is for the long term interests of the
capitalists, by keeping the system operating
efficiently - This is an explanation on why some laws like rent
control exist
- Left realism
- Crime victims in all classes need equal
protection - Reduce the ability for police to enforce,
increase the sensitivity
21Radical Perspectives
- Radical feminism
- Cause of crime on women is male aggression mens
attempts to subordinate women - Male power, female economic dependency
- Instrumental Marxism
- Law is used by the ruling class to their
advantage - The state, law and the ruling class are the same
- Peacemaking criminology
- Humanistic, non violent and peaceful solutions to
crime (victim centered)