A Brief History of Tourism

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A Brief History of Tourism

• A Brief History of Tourism
• July 10, 2009
• RPTS 202

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NEWS

• CNN Jackson family petitioning to bury MJ at
  Neverland Ranch (link)
• Daily Mail Jacksons Neverland Ranch in a state
  of disrepair (link)
• Al-Jazeera Earthquake in China destroys 10,000
  homes (link)
• BBC World Powers Accept Global Warming Limit
  (link) against some scientists advice (link)
• CNN Travel Snapshots from Turkey (link)

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Will we be surprised?

• What year is currently widely accepted as being
  approximately the year tourism began?
• How many tourists were there in 1950? 2004?
• What were the barriers to travel historically?
• Who was Marco Polo, and why is he of such
  importance to the tourism industry?
• What is/was the Grand Tour?
• Who was the father of tourism as we know it
  today?

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Current Tourism Growth

• The substantial growth of the tourism activity
  marks tourism as one of the most remarkable
  economic and social phenomena of the past
  century.
• The number of international arrivals shows an
  evolution from a mere 25 million international
  arrivals in 1950 to an estimated 763 million in
  2004
• This is a growth rate of 6.5
• The growth rate has sustained! What are the
  limits?

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Integrated Model Of Tourism
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
TOURISM SERVICES SUPPLIERS
Society Culture
Economy
Accomo- dations
TOURISM PROMOTERS
Destinations
Travel Agents
Tour Operators
The Tourist
Meeting Planners
Tourist Boards
Food Beverage
Attractions/ Entertainment
Direct Marketing
Environ- ment
Politics
Transportation
Technology
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History of Travel Tourism -
Pre-Historic Travel

• Paleolithic Age (32,000 BC - 10,000 BC)
• Forged Trails Hunting (was this tourism?)
• Fire/tools (no animals)/shelter

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History of Travel Tourism - Pre-Historic
Travel

• Neolithic Age
• Critters Sailing Vessels (4,000 BCish)
• The Wheel (3,500 BC) (China)
• Agriculture/stored (communities exchanged)
• Coins ( light)
• Religion

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- The Empire Era

• Egyptian Kingdoms (4850 715 B.C.)
• Government in centralized locations
• Used Nile (north current, south sails)
• Greek Empire (900 200 B.C.)
• Use of a common language (Mediterr.)
• Currency Exchange
• City-States became attractions
• Shopping, eat/drinking, gaming, sports, theater

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Empire Era (cont.)

• Roman Empire (500 B.C. A.D. 300)
• Tourism for both middle class and wealthy
• Good roads (50,000 mile system)!
• Appian Way
• Roman currency universal
• Common legal system
• Safety when travelling
• Inns (30 miles apart)

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Middle Ages and Renaissance

• Middle Ages (5th 14th centuries)
• Feudal System replaced Roman Rule
• Fragmented Industry (now unsafe)
• Money, language, transportation, etc.
• travel now difficult and dangerous
• Catholic Church began to gain power
• stable/central force
• religious holidays

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Middle Ages - Crusades

• Crusades (1096-1291)
• attempting to re-
• gain the holy land
• exchange of ideas
• ideas, and goods
• (desire is born!)
• afforded less
• wealthy to travel

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Pilgrimages

• Pilgrimages (1200 to 1300)
• religion/health adventure and learning
• destinations were born (accom. food)
• arrested beaten if not a holy mission
• search for a better way of life

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Marco Polo

• Marco Polo (1275 1295) Mid. East to China
• 4 Languages
• Had wealth in gold
• Had access to transportation vessels
• Family involved in the Navy and were merchants
• Had education
• Had important friends through family marriages
• Safety and marketing were assured
• 1254-1324, from Venice, Italy
• Silk Road (began journey in 1271)
• His books detailing the world piqued interest
  in travel amongst Europes elitists

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The Renaissance Era

• Renaissance (14th to 16th centuries)
• The Rebirth of Travel!
• Kings Queens had larger territories
• Merchants could travel further (trade routes)
• Desire to learn and experience other cultures is
  born!
• The Grand Tour!

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Grand Tour Era!

• Grand Tour (1500-1820) or (1613-1785)!
• Wealthy English started, later others (status)
• England - France Switzerland Germany - Italy
• Motivations
• culture, health, pleasure, curiosity, science,
  career education, art scenery
• Lasted approximately 40 months (age 22 to 40)
• New amenities formed
• Tribulations theft, alps, rivers
• Carriage rentals, 1829 1st all-inclusive
• Industrial Revolution (1750) started downfall

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The Grand Tour!

• The itinerary was similar for all

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London, England
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Paris, France
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Auxerre, France
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Lugano, Switzerland
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Pisa, Italy
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Rome, Italy
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Florence, Italy
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Venice, Italy
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Inssbruck, Austria
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Munich, Germany
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Amsterdam, Netherlands
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The Mobility Era (1800 1944)

• Growing economic prosperity leisure time!
• Grand Tour gave way to family vacations
• spas were huge
• Romanticism (1800s) literature arts
• urban bad, nature good (closer to God)
• Transportation!!
• Coach system (mail), needed tie-ups/Inns
• abusive (schedules, temp., physical)
• Water travel preferred (1840 Cunard)
• Trains (1830 in England), 1903 Wright Brothers
• Model T mass produced (1914)

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Cooks Tours

• Made Group Tour a business (1841)
• Economics DesireNeedMotivation
• Services
• Connections, tickets, timetables, currency
  exchange, travel guides, the tour
• Introduced (1850 - 1920)
• Cooks Coupons (pre-pay)
• Circular Notes (travelers cheques)
• Cook made world tourism affordable!

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Modern Era Mass Tourism

• 2 World Wars Technology desire increase
• Automobile
• Better Roads post WW1 bungalow camps
• Post WW2
• Mass produced, gas not rationed prosperity
• Airplane
• Lindbergh (1927), initially
• 1958 jet travel and economy class
• Credit card (1950)
• Individual vs. Organized Mass Tourists

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Other Factors

• Leisure Time
• Creation of the weekend (Upton Sinclairs The
  Jungle)
• 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act
• Oil Crisis (mid 70s)
• Tourism Policy
• deregulation (1978), USTTA (1981)
• Technology Advances
• Theme Parks
• Peace Industry??

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Geography of Tourism

• Physical Geography (features of earth)
• Landforms, H20, vegetation, climate, etc.
• Human (cultural) Geography
• Language, religion, dress, food, customs
• cultural norms/expectations
• Regional Geography (study one area)
• Effects of climate, time of year, etc.
• ie, Ski areas, wine regions, etc.

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Business Perspectives

• Marketing (4 Ps)
• Meeting the needs/desires of visitors
• Importance of segmentation

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Challenges Opportunities

• Can growth development occur w/o creating
  environmental problems?
• How will technology effect tourism?
• As tourism grows, where will the workforce come
  from?
• Will tourism change the social structure of
  countries/communities?