Emotional Intelligence Chapter 4 Emotional Intelligence

1
Emotional Intelligence

• Chapter 4

2
Emotional Intelligence

• Daniel Goleman (1995)
• IQ scores account for only about 20 of success
• Draws from Howard Gardners interpersonal
  intelligence

3
Emotional Intelligence

• Self-awareness
• Ongoing attention to ones internal states
• Foundation of emotional intelligence
• Ability to work through negative emotions
• Control the duration

4
Emotional Intelligence

• Ability to regulate emotion
• Different from suppressing emotions
• Ability to delay gratification
• 4 year olds and the marshmallow
• Persistence
• Ability to stay focused on long-term goals
• Optimism
• Flow being one with what you are doing
  engrossed

5
Emotional Intelligence

• Empathy the ability to feel the emotions of
  someone else
• Perspective-taking
• Emotional component
• Social competencies
• Organize groups
• Mediate conflict
• Negotiate solutions
• Make personal connections

6
What Causes Stress?

• Stress our response to events that disturb, or
  threaten to disturb, our physical or
  psychological equilibrium
• Stressors external or internal events that
  challenge or threaten us

7
Stressors

• Major cataclysmic events
• Personal major events
• Minor stressful events, called hassles
• Even positive events can tax bodys resources and
  cause stress.
• negative events induce more stress than neutral
  or positive events.

8
Mind, Brain Body

• At any moment, your brain is creatively
  performing about 400 billion actions. You are
  only conscious of around 2000.
• Dr. Caroline Leaf
• Who Switched Off My Brain?

9
Mind, Brain Body

• Dr. Candace Pert
• Brain and mind function as a single psychosomatic
  network.
• The crucial link is emotions. Biochemical
  molecules of emotion are like photocopies of
  thought.

10
Mind, Brain Body

• The more you think, the more you understand.
• The more focused and aware you are, the stronger
  your memory (dendrites firmly attached).
• During sleep, your thoughts are sorted out.
  Glial cells prune dendrites.

11
Mind, Brain Body

• Thoughts are brain electro-chemical patterns.
• Negative emotions are fear based.
• Positive emotions are faith based.
• Everything you see, hear, and feel becomes part
  of your thought life.

12
Mind, Brain Body

• The thalamus sends an electrical message to the
  cortex and activates a memory.
• Your limbic system is a chemical factory.
• The amygdala is a library of emotional
  perceptions to check the memory. It may dominate
  the cortex.
• The hippocampus will hold short-term memories for
  48-72 hours.
• The hypothalamus translates the conclusion to a
  bodily response.

13
Mind, Brain Body

• Emotions are cellular signals that translate
  information into physical reality.
• The substances used include peptides, steroids,
  and neurotransmitters.
• About 90 of this process is non-conscious and
  10 conscious.

14
Hans Selye Stress as a Set of Responses to
Demands

• General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Hans Selyes
  stress model in which an event that threatens an
  organisms well-being (a stressor) leads to a
  three-stage bodily response
• Stage 1 Alarm
• Stage 2 Resistance
• Stage 3 Exhaustion

15
Hans Selye Stress as a Set of Responses to
Demands

• General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
• Stage 1 Alarm
• Upon encountering a stressor, body reacts with
  fight-or-flight response and sympathetic
  nervous system is activated. Hormones such as
  cortisol and adrenalin released into the
  bloodstream to meet the threat or danger. The
  bodys resources now mobilized.

16
Hans Selye Stress as a Set of Responses to
Demands

• General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
• Stage 2 Resistance
• Parasympathetic nervous system returns many
  physiological functions to normal levels while
  body focuses resources against the stressor.
  Blood glucose levels remain high, cortisol and
  adrenalin continue to circulate at elevated
  levels, but outward appearance of organism seems
  normal. Body remains on red alert.

17
Hans Selye Stress as a Set of Responses to
Demands

• General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
• Stage 3 Exhaustion
• If stressor continues beyond bodys capacity,
  organism exhausts resources and becomes
  susceptible to disease and death.

18
Psychophysiological (Psychosomatic) Illnesses Are
Stress Related

• Psychophysiological disorders physical
  conditions, such as high blood pressure and
  migraine headaches, that are caused or aggravated
  by psychological factors such as stress
• Two bodily systems have received the most
  attention.

19
Psychophysiological Illnesses Are Stress Related

• The cardiovascular system is strongly affected by
  stress-related emotional responses
• High blood pressure (or hypertension)
• Instances of ischemiaheart does not receive
  sufficient blood
• The release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
  and epinephrine from the adrenal medulla, which
  ultimately leads to artery blockage and heart
  attacks

20
Psychophysiological Illnesses Are Stress Related

• The immune system a complex surveillance system
  of specialized cells, tissues, and organs (the
  bodys primary defense against disease) reacts to
  and destroys cells determined not to be part of
  the body.
• Three important types of cells in the immune
  system are B cells, T cells, and natural killer
  cells.
• Both acute and chronic stress can reduce the
  efficiency of the immune system, making the body
  more susceptible to disease.

21

• Coping with Stress

22
Cognitive Appraisal

• Richard Lazarus (early researcher) Cognitive
  appraisal is essential in defining whether a
  situation is a threat, how big a threat it is,
  and what resources you have to deal with the
  threat.

23
While responding, you build your mental framework.

• You exercise your will to accept or reject
  information (corpus callosum).
• Accepted information is amplified.
• Rejected information will disappear.
• You must feel something is true to believe it.
  Emotions (limbic system) tells you what is real,
  true, and important.

24
Cognitive Appraisal

• Lazarus identified two cognitive appraisal
  stages (notice fear vs. faith)
• Primary appraisal initial evaluation of
  situation assess what is happening, whether it
  is threatening, and whether you should take some
  action in response to the threat
• Secondary appraisal assess whether you have
  ability to cope with stressor. The more competent
  you perceive yourself to be, the less stress you
  experience.

25
Cognitive Appraisal

• Lazaruss model conceives of the person as an
  active participant in evaluating and responding
  to stressors.
• Problem-focused coping a strategy aimed at
  reducing stress by overcoming the source of the
  problem
• Emotion-focused coping efforts to manage your
  emotional reactions to stressors rather than
  trying to change the stressors themselves

26
Predictability and Control Can Moderate the
Stress Response

• Whether an event becomes a harmful stressor is
  often determined by
• Its predictability
• If you know that a stressor is coming but are
  uncertain when it will occur, you experience
  greater stress.
• Factors related to control over it e.g., having
  faith

27
Predictability and Control Can Moderate the
Stress Response

• If you believe that you have some control over a
  stressor, you usually feel less stressed.
• When you doubt your ability to control a
  stressor, you are more likely to use
  emotion-focused coping.
• Locus of control the degree to which you expect
  that outcomes in your life depend on your own
  actions rather than the environment.
• Repeated failure at trying to eliminate stressors
  can lead to a feeling of learned helplessness.

28
Hostile Pessimistic Persons Are More Reactive
to Stressors

• Pessimistic explanatory style
• tendency to explain cause of negative
  uncontrollable events as ones own stable
  personal qualities affecting all aspects of life
• Associated with health problems and premature
  death
• Optimistic explanatory style
• tendency to explain cause of uncontrollable
  negative events as temporary, external factors
  that do not affect other aspects of ones life
• Associated with good health and longevity

29
These Patterns Can Be Changed

• Deal with old issues
• Dont deny emotions
• Forgive
• De-guilt (make amends forgive yourself)
• Question beliefs and assumptions
• Talk with somebody you trust

30
Social Support Has Therapeutic Effects

• People with more extensive social support
  networks are happier, have stronger immune
  systems, and live longer than those who are
  socially isolated.

31
Social Support Has Therapeutic Effects

• Common benefits of social support
• Provides increased knowledge about the stressor
• Associating with others often provides
  information about how to understand and
  emotionally respond to stressful events.
• Provides opportunities to simply express our
  feelings, which can lead to physical benefits

32
Choose Your Thoughts

• Dont unnecessarily expose yourself to negative
  thinking
• Dont mindlessly take in information
• Consciously decide what thoughts to accept or to
  reject
• Consciously decide what thoughts to entertain
• Be conscious of what you say (especially to
  yourself)

33
Relaxation Training Is Effective in Reducing
Stress

• Many psychologists recommend relaxation training
  as an effective stress antidote.
• The most basic relaxation technique is
  progressive relaxation, a stress-reducing
  technique involving the successive tensing and
  relaxing of each of the major muscle groups of
  the body.