Sociology of Sport V. Psychology of Sport - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 84
About This Presentation
Title:

Sociology of Sport V. Psychology of Sport

Description:

Sociology of Sport Sociologists study sport in terms of the social conditions that surround and are outside the individual athlete Focus on relations, ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:1174
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 85
Provided by: zoll3
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Sociology of Sport V. Psychology of Sport


1
Sociology of Sport V. Psychology of Sport
  • Locus of Control Difference
  • Fundamental Attribution Error
  • Instinct v. Culture
  • Intelligence v. Internalization

2
Psychology of Sport
  • Study in terms of attributes and processes that
    exist inside the individual
  • Focus on motivation, cognition, self-esteem, and
    personality
  • Sample research question
  • How is the motivation of athletes related to
    their athletic success?

3
Sociology of Sport
  • Sociologists study sport in terms of the social
    conditions that surround and are outside the
    individual athlete
  • Focus on relations, culture, social class,
    sexuality, and ethnicity
  • Sample research question
  • how do the prevailing cultural definitions of
    masculinity and femininity affect the success of
    athletes?

4
Why Resistance to the Sociology of Sport?
  • Too Complex
  • Easier to change individual athletes
  • Easier to change the way athletes deal with
    external conditions
  • Requires a change in the external conditions of
    athletes lives
  • Personally Troubling
  • Coaches and parents view changes as causing
    trouble
  • Changing the way coaches exercise power and
    control over athletes requires coaches to make
    personal changes
  • Requires a change in the external conditions of
    athletes lives

5
Why Apply the Sociology of Sport?
  • Think Critically
  • Understand social problems of athletes and the
    social issues associated with sport
  • Beyond Physical Performance
  • See beyond the score and see how sport affects
    the way people feel, think, and live their lives
  • Informed Choices
  • Learning about sociology of sport will help you
    make intelligent choices about your own
    participation
  • Transforming Sport
  • Making schools and communities more inclusive
    through sports

6
Why study Sociology of Sport?
  • Sport is related to all aspects of a society
  • Learning about the sociology of sport teaches
    about the society
  • Ideology a combination of ideal, beliefs and
    attitudes
  • Dominant ideology the combination promoted by
    the dominant and powerful groups of a society

7
Gender Ideology
  • Sports first developed around an ideology of
    gender
  • A gender logic that existed in the dominant
    culture
  • Gender logic worked to the advantage of men
  • Gender logic was referred to a common sense
  • The basic tenet of gender logic
  • Women are naturally inferior to men!
  • In strength
  • Physical skill
  • Emotional control
  • Intelligence

8
Gender Ideology (2)
  • The dominant ideology led to a sport vocabulary
    supporting the gender logic
  • Correct throw ( like a man)
  • Incorrect throw (like a girl)
  • Coaches use the logic to motivate players
  • you are playing like a bunch of girls.
  • Gender logic serves to privilege boys
  • Gender logic creates discrimination against girls
    in sport
  • The gender logic has also spilled over into all
    social life
  • politics
  • business
  • There is also race logic, class logic, and
    character logic

9
Sport and Family
  • Sport has major impacts of family life
  • Millions of children are involved in sport
  • Parents organize, coach, attend games and drive
    children to events
  • Changing patterns of youth involvement in sport
    result in changing patterns of family life

10
Sport and the Economy
  • The economies of most countries are affected
    heavily by sport participation
  • Tax dollars are used to contribute to the success
    of sport in communities and most countries
  • Per capita income at the end of the 20th century
    was about 4000, but some athletes were making
    30 million per year in salary

11
Sport and Politics
  • Sport is link to national pride
  • Politicians promote themselves by association
    with sport teams and players
  • Athletes are frequently elected to political
    office on the basis of athletic participation
  • Jack Kemp
  • Steve Largent

12
Sport and Education
  • Sport teams in High Schools usually attract more
    attention than academic events
  • Sport are the most prominent representative of
    colleges
  • The success or failure of the institution is
    sometimes connected to success in sport

13
Sport and Religion
  • Religious rituals are increasingly used in sport
    participation in the USA
  • Large nondenominational organizations have been
    created for the purpose of converting young
    athletes to a religious ideology (Christian
    Athletes)
  • Churches sponsor athletic events
  • Churches alter schedules to accommodate sporting
    events

14
Sociology of Sport Theory
  • The basic tenets of Functionalism
  • Social order is based on consensus and shared
    values
  • Consensus about shared values is what holds
    society together, reducing conflict
  • All social systems tend toward a state of balance
    and equilibrium

15
Functionalisms Main Social Concern
  • Functionalism is concerned with how social
    systems (like Sport) contribute to the needs of
    the society
  • How does sport contribute to the smooth operation
    of society?

16
Functionalism and the Study of Sport
  • How does sport fit into the social life and
    contribute to social stability?
  • How does sport participation influence personal
    development?

17
Functionalisms Perception of Sport
  • Sport is a valuable social institution that
    benefits society and individuals
  • Sport is a source of inspiration on both the
    personal and social levels of society

18
The Policy Implication of Functionalism
  • Develop and expand sport programs that will
    promote traditional values
  • Expand programs that promote positive character
    development
  • Expand programs that contribute to the stability
    of society

19
Criticisms of Functionalist Theory
  • Overstates the positive consequences
  • Overlooks the negative
  • Ignores the unequal participation rates for all
    sports
  • Ignores the social construction of sport in
    society
  • Ignores the diversity in sport
  • Ignores the extent to which sport promotes the
    interest of wealth and power

20
Conflict Theory and Sport
  • The basic tenets of Conflict Theory are
  • Social order is based on coercion and
    exploitation, not consensus
  • Order is the result of economic power and the use
    of economic power to exploit labor
  • Social class shapes the social structure of
    society and the social relationships in society

21
Conflict Theorys Major Social Concerns
  • How is economic power distributed and used in
    society?
  • What are the dynamics of social class relations?
  • Who is privileged and exploited in class
    relations?

22
Conflict Theory and the Study of Sport
  • How does sport reflect class relations?
  • How is sport used to maintain the interests of
    those with power and wealth in society?
  • How has the profit motive distorted sport?

23
Conflict Theory and the Perception of Sport
  • Sport is a form of physical activity that is
    distorted by the needs of capital.
  • Sport is an opiate that distracts attention away
    from the social problems created by economic
    exploitation.

24
The Policy Implication of Conflict Theory
  • Eliminate the profit motive in sport
  • Equalized participation through program expansion
    and participation
  • Allow the participation in sport to be a source
    of physical well-being

25
Criticism of Conflict Theory
  • Overstates the influence of economic interests
  • Assumes that those with economic wealth shape
    sports to meet economic interests
  • Ignores sport as a liberating experience

26
Critical Theory and Sport
  • The basic tenets of Critical Theory are
  • Social order is negotiated through struggles over
    ideology and power
  • Social life is full of diversity, complexity, and
    contradictions

27
Critical Theorys Major Social Concerns
  • How is cultural ideology produced, reproduced,
    and transformed?
  • What are the conflicts and problems that affect
    the lives of those who lack power in society?

28
Critical Theory and Sport
  • How are power relations reproduced and/or
    resisted in and through sport?
  • Whose voices are and are not represented in the
    narratives and images that constitute sport?

29
Critical Theory and the Perception of Sport
  • Sports are social constructions
  • Sports are sites where culture is produced,
    reproduced, and transformed
  • Sports are cultural practices that repress and/or
    empower people

30
The Policy Implication of Critical Theory
  • Use sports as sites for challenging and
    transforming forms exploitation and oppression
  • Increase the range and diversity of sport
    participation
  • Challenge the voices and perspectives of those
    with power in sport

31
Criticisms of Critical Theory
  • No way to identify forms of resistance
  • No strategy of dealing with problems, conflicts,
    and injustice in sports

32
Feminist Theory and Sport
  • The basic tenets of Feminist Theory are
  • Social order is based primarily on the values,
    experiences, and interests of men with power
  • Social life and social order are gendered

33
Feminist Theory and the Study of Sport
  • How are sports gendered activities?
  • How do sports reproduce the dominant gender logic
    of society?
  • What are the strategies for resisting and
    transforming sport forms that privilege men?

34
The Policy Implications of Feminist Theory
  • Use sports as sites for challenging and
    transforming oppressive forms of gender relations
  • Expose and resist all expressions of homophobia
    and misogyny (hatred of women) in sport
  • Transform sports to emphasize partnerships over
    competition and domination

35
Criticisms of Feminist Theory
  • No way to identify forms of resistance
  • No attention to gender and other categories of
    experience (i.e. childhood games and play)

36
Interaction Theory and Sport
  • The basic tenet of Interaction Theory is
  • Social order is created from the bottom up
    through intentional interaction

37
Interaction Theorys Major Social Concerns
  • How are meanings, identities, and culture created
    through social interaction?
  • How do people become involved in sports, become
    defined as athletes, and move out of sports into
    the rest of their lives?

38
Interaction Theory and the Perception of Sport
  • Sports are forms of culture created through
    social interaction.
  • Sport participation is grounded in the decisions
    made by people in connection with their
    identities and their relationships.

39
The Policy Implications of Interaction Theory
  • Allow individuals to shape sport to fit their
    social reality.
  • Make sport organization more democratic and less
    hierarchical.
  • Focus on the culture and organization of sport,
    rather than individual athletes when trying to
    control deviance in sport.

40
Criticisms of the Interaction Theory of Sport
  • Fails to explain how the meaning of sport is
    connected to individual identity.
  • Ignores issues of social power in sport.

41
Sport in Society Studying the Past
  • Issues Controversies

42
General Historical Issues
  • Physical activities and games have existed in
    nearly all cultures
  • There are decreasing contrasts between the games
    that different people play today
  • Decreasing contrasts are due to cultural
    diffusion and the power and influence of
    sponsoring corporations

43
Historical Cultural Variations
  • Variations exist because
  • Sports are cultural practices that can serve a
    variety of social purposes
  • Sports are created within the constraints of the
    social world

44
Ancient Greece
  • Sports were
  • Grounded in mythology
  • Linked with religious beliefs
  • Characterized by
  • Gender exclusion
  • Frequent violence
  • Absence of administrative structures
  • Absence of measurements record keeping

45
Roman Contests and Games
  • Emphasized spectacle, combat, and the power of
    political leaders
  • Characterized by
  • Diversions for the masses
  • Exclusion of women as athletes
  • Absence of quantification and record keeping

46
Medieval Europe
  • Folk games played by peasants
  • Tournaments played by elite for purposes of
    military readiness
  • Gender restrictions grounded in religious dogma
    and beliefs
  • Games lacked specialization and organization

47
Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment
  • Increasing control over peasants
  • Lives of many were restricted by labor
  • Calvinist and Puritan beliefs did not promote any
    forms of leisure
  • Games constituted diversions for people

48
Characteristics of Play
  • Individual effort is separate from others
  • Action and behavior are free and spontaneous
  • Uncertainty is a dominant feature
  • Without fixed rules and no time limit on play

49
Characteristics of Game
  • Competition is a key factor in involvement
  • Outcome determined by physical or mental skill,
    but strategy and chance have a large role
  • Time is not a relevant factor in involvement

50
Characteristics of Sport
  • Activity is ritualized, with spontaneity
    diminished
  • Formal rules, structure of roles, and time
    limitations
  • Individual liability and responsibility for
    behavior and outcome
  • Outcome extends beyond the bounds of the activity
  • Individual time is required for practice and
    mastery

51
Industrial RevolutionEarly Years
  • Organized, competitive sports emerged, especially
    among elite
  • Time and space for games were limited in urban
    areas
  • Slavery and the exploitation of other workers
    limited widespread involvement in sports

52
Industrial RevolutionLater Years
  • Growing emphasis on rationality and organization
    in society sports
  • Most sports were segregated by social class
  • Womens participation in sports was very limited

53
Elite, Competitive Sports in the US 1780-1920
  • Sports often were used by wealthy to reinforce
    status distinctions
  • The organization of sports favored the interests
    of those with power and wealth
  • Increased participation opportunities for the
    working class, especially men

54
Elite, Competitive Sports in the US 1780-1920
(cont)
  • Sport participation comes to be linked with
    character development
  • Organized sports were tied close to ideas about
  • masculinity and femininity
  • race and ethnicity
  • age and disability

55
Sports History1920 to Today
  • Entertainment, professionalization, and
    commercialism
  • Masculinity and violence
  • Nationalism and chauvinism
  • Gender inequities and homophobia
  • Racism and racial discrimination
  • Class dynamics

56
History Lessons the origins of modern struggles
  • The modern struggles involve three dominant areas
    confrontation
  • What is the meaning, purpose, and organization of
    sports?
  • Struggles over meaning is soccer subversive?
  • Struggles over purpose is winning the only
    thing?
  • Struggles over organization can we play without
    a coach?
  • Who plays and under what conditions?
  • Struggles over involvement can everyone play?
  • Struggles over conditions do I have to submit
    to a drug test to play?
  • How and why sports are sponsored?
  • Struggles over need do we really need funding?
  • Struggles over sources what is better
    government or private finding?

57
Characteristics of High-profile, Organized,
Competitive Sports
  • Specialization
  • Rationalization
  • Bureaucratization
  • Quantification
  • Records

58
Sports and Socialization
  • Who Plays
  • and What Happens to Them?

59
Socialization Definition
  • The process of internalizing the norms and values
    of the group
  • Internalization means taking norms and values
    from others and making those norms and values
    part of your self (identity)
  • Occurs as we interact with others, without
    conscious thought
  • Involves the formation of ideas about who we are
    and what is important in our lives

60
Socialization A Functionalist Approach
  • Based on an internationalization model
    that focuses on
  • The characteristics of those being socialized
  • The people and institutions believed to do the
    socializing
  • The specific outcomes of socialization, i.e., the
    types of learning that occurs

61
Socialization A Conflict Approach
  • Based on an internalization model that focuses
    on
  • How sports and sport participation divides people
    in the working class
  • How people with few resources are denied
    opportunities to play sports
  • The lack of rights among athletes
  • How money and power are used to control sports
    and exploit others to maintain the status quo

62
Socialization Interactionist Models
  • Utilize qualitative rather than quantitative
    research methods
  • Goal is to obtain detailed descriptions of sport
    experiences
  • Seek information on how people make decisions
    about sports in their lives
  • Connect meanings given to sports and sport
    experiences with the larger social and cultural
    context

63
Becoming Involved Staying Involved in Sports
  • Functionalist research indicates that sport
    participation is related to
  • A persons abilities characteristics
  • The influence of significant others
  • The availability of opportunities to play
    experience success in sports

64
Becoming Involved Staying Involved in Sports
  • Interactionist research indicates that sport
    participation is related to
  • Ongoing processes in peoples lives
  • Decision making processes in which decisions
  • Change as social circumstances change
  • Are never made once and for all time

65
Stevensons Findings(1999)
  • Becoming an elite athlete involves
  • The process of introduction and involvement
  • The process of developing commitment

66
Donnelly Youngs Findings (1999)
  • Becoming an athlete in a sport subculture
    involves
  • Acquiring knowledge about the sport
  • Associating with people in the sport
  • Internalizing the norms of the sport
  • Receiving recognition and acceptance from other
    athletes

67
Coakley Whites Findings (1999)
  • Deciding to play sports depends on
  • Ideas about sports connection to other interests
    and goals
  • Desires to develop display competence
  • Social and material support
  • Memories of past experiences in sports
  • General cultural images and messages about sports

68
Functionalist and Conflict Theory Research on
Dropping Out of Sports
  • People dont drop out forever, nor do they cut
    all ties with sports
  • Dropping out is tied to other changes and
    transitions in a persons life
  • Dropping out is not just related to bad
    experiences
  • Dropping out may cause problems among those who
  • Have identities grounded totally in sports
  • Lack social material resources

69
Coakleys Findings (1992)
  • Burnout among elite adolescent athletes was most
    likely when
  • High performance sports were organized so that
    athletes had little control over their lives
  • Sport involvement interfered with accomplishing
    important developmental tasks

70
Koukouris Findings (1994)
  • Ending or reducing sport participation was
    associated with
  • The need to find a job and become independent
  • Realistic assessments of sport skills and
    potential for future achievements
  • Efforts to stay physically active and connected
    with sports

71
Wheelers Findings (1999)
  • When competitive sport careers ended, the main
    challenges faced by athletes with disabilities
    were
  • Reinvesting time and energy into other spheres of
    life
  • Reconnecting with family members and friends
  • Going back to school and getting on with
    occupational careers

72
Summary Changing or Ending Competitive Sport
Participation
  • Changes in participation are grounded in
    decision-making processes tied to peoples lives,
    life courses, and social worlds
  • Identity issues and developmental issues are
    important
  • Problems are most likely when sport participation
    has constricted a persons life

73
Do Sports Build Character?
  • In many cultures people use a form of character
    logic that assumes that playing sports
    automatically builds positive traits

74
(No Transcript)
75
Factors Often Overlooked in Research on Character
Building in Sports
  • Different sports offer different experiences
  • Selection processes in organized sports favor
    some characteristics over others
  • Different people define sport experiences in
    different ways
  • Meanings given to sport experiences often change
    over time

76
Power Performance Vs. Pleasure Participation
Sports
  • Pleasure/Participation
  • Emphasis on connections between people
  • Ethic of expression, enjoyment, health
  • Body source of pleasure
  • Inclusion accom-modation of differences
  • Democratic structures
  • Compete with others
  • Power/Performance
  • Use power to push limits in pursuit of victories
  • Excellence proved through winning
  • Body tool and weapon
  • Competence-based inclusion/exclusion
  • Hierarchical structures
  • Opponents enemies

77
Sport Participation Is Most Likely to Produce
Positive Effects When (I)
  • New non-sport identities are formed
  • Knowledge is gained about the world beyond sports
  • Experiences go beyond sports
  • New relationships are formed that go beyond sports

78
Sport Participation Is Most Likely to Produce
Positive Effects When (II)
  • Lessons learned in sports are applied to
    situations outside of sports
  • Participants are seen by others as total human
    beings, not just athletes
  • General competence and responsibility are learned

79
General Summary
  • If playing sports constricts or limits a persons
    life, expect negative socialization effects
  • If playing sports expands or diversifies a
    persons life, expect positive socialization
    effects

80
Studies of Sport Experiences
  • The voices of sport participants indicate that
  • People define and give meaning to their sport
    experiences in connection with their social
    relationships
  • Meanings given to sport experiences are grounded
    in cultural definitions about gender, race
    ethnicity, social class, sexuality, and other
    characteristics defined as socially important

81
Studies of the Social Worlds of Sports
  • Sports can be sites for powerful forms of
    socialization
  • Sport experiences can be understood only when
    placed in context
  • The behaviors of athletes are understood best
    when studied in context

82
Studies of Socialization As a Community
Cultural Process
  • Sports are sites for struggling over how we think
    and what we do
  • Sports are sites where people create and learn
    stories they can use to make sense of the world
  • Sports consist of vocabularies and images that
    influence ideology

83
Socialization and the Formation of Ideology
  • Hegemony is the process of forming agreement
    about particular ways of viewing and making sense
    of the world
  • Maintaining leadership and control by gaining the
    consent of other groups, including those being
    led
  • Sports are important sites for hegemonic
    processes because they provide pleasurable
    experiences to so many people
  • Corporate sponsors use sports to establish
    ideological outposts in peoples heads

84
What Socialization Research Doesnt Tell Us
  • How socialization processes operate in the lives
    of people from various ethnic groups social
    classes
  • The dynamics of sport participation careers among
    young children
  • How people make participation decisions about
    different types of sports
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com