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Title: Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice Intervention Jeffrey A. Butts, Ph.D. Chapin Hall Center


1
Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice
InterventionJeffrey A. Butts, Ph.D.Chapin
Hall Center for ChildrenUniversity of
ChicagoPresentation to the ConferenceWhat are
the Implications of Adolescent Brain Development
for Juvenile Justice? Concord, New
HampshireOctober 16, 2007
2
With Greater Understanding of the Adolescent
Brain, it is Clear That
  • Juvenile justice cannot be the same as
    criminal justice (deterrence / retribution)but
    also
  • Juvenile justice cannot be simply mental
    health and substance abuse treatment
  • Adolescence itself places youth at risk, with
    or without mental health or drug problems
  • Then, what kind of treatment do we need?

3
Juvenile Crime is Not a Mental Health Disorder
  • Mental health treatment is not crime prevention
  • Some young offenders have mental health
    problems and they should be treated
  • But, the extent of overlap between juvenile
    crime and mental health is often misunderstood

4
Prevalence of Any Mental or Substance Use Disorder
Juveniles Detained in Chicago Tepl
in et al. (2002), Archives of General Psychiatry
69
  • Most Common Diagnoses (Males)
  • Marijuana Use 45
  • Conduct Disorder 38
  • Alcohol Use 26
  • Anxiety Disorders 21
  • ADD/HD 17

5
Prevalence of Any Mental or Substance Use Disorder
Juveniles Detained in Chicago Teplin et
al. (2002), Archives of General Psychiatry
All U.S. Adolescents U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services (1999), Mental Health
A Report of the Surgeon General
69
21
6
Prevalence of Any Mental or Substance Use Disorder
Juveniles Detained in Chicago Teplin et
al. (2002), Archives of General Psychiatry
All U.S. Adolescents U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services (1999), Mental Health
A Report of the Surgeon General
Juveniles at Probation Intake Wasserman
et al. (2005), American Journal of Public Health
What Does This Mean?
69
46
21
7
Do Mental Health Problems Cause Delinquency and
Propel Youth into the Juvenile Justice
System? Or Are Mental Health Problems More
Common Among Youth from Poor and Disadvantaged
Communities, Whether or Not Those Youth are
Delinquent?
8
Surprisingly Difficult to Find Good Data on this
Question But We Do Have Some Answers from Data
About Adults
9
Major Depressive Episode in Past Year (Adults)
14
6
Working Full-Time
Unemployed
  • National Survey on Drug Use and Health, SAMHSA
    (2006)

10
Any Mood Disorder in Adults Under 40
13.6
7.5
7.4
Some College
High School
Less Than High School
  • National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    (III), reported in Jonas et al. (2006)

11
Any Mood Disorder in Adults Under 40
12.5
8.6
5.7
High Income
Moderate Income
Low Income
  • National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    (III), reported in Jonas et al. (2006)

12
Dysthymia in Adults Under 40
11.7
4.6
1.9
Some College
High School
Less Than High School
  • National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    (III), reported in Jonas et al. (2006)

13
Dysthymia in Adults Under 40
8.9
5.0
0.9
High Income
Moderate Income
Low Income
  • National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    (III), reported in Jonas et al. (2006)

14
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15
Prevalence of Any Substance Use Disorder
Juveniles Detained in Chicago Teplin et
al. (2002), Archives of General Psychiatry
High School Seniors Johnston et
al. (2007)
Juveniles at Probation Intake Wasserman
et al. (2005), American Journal of Public Health
Any Use in Past Month by All Youth, Does Not
Control for Socio-Demog Factors
49
25
22
16
If Mental Health Problems and Substance Abuse are
Also Common Among Non-Offenders from Poor
Neighborhoods, Mental Health and Drug Treatment
Cannot be the Only Answer to Crime Prevention.
What Other Answers are There?
17
Youth Development ApproachA science-based
framework for building juvenile justice policies
and programs that can change youth behavior.
Adhering rigidly to evidence based
interventions would exclude much of the Youth
Development Approach
18
Youth Development Approach May be an
Evidence-Based Model Some Day
  • Requires an accumulation of findings from
    numerous, high-quality studies
  • Depends on sustained investment by service
    providers, researchers, and funding sources.

19
Most policies and programs in juvenile justice
are not science-based or evidence-basedThey
are designed to meet other goals
  • hold youth accountable
  • restore harm to victims
  • demonstrate tough response to serious crime
  • reassure community about public safety
  • offer mix of program models within budget
  • maintain organizational arrangements
  • maintain available network of service providers

20
What is the Youth Development Approach?
  • Strengths and assets
  • Attachment, engagement, and socialization
  • Usefulness and belonging
  • Broad system of community-based supports
  • Allow all youth to experience opportunities and
    activities that youth in wealthy communities
    take for granted

21
Who Invented Youth Development?
  • Nobody invented it
  • Traces are found in the work of Jane Addams
    etc. (empowerment, belonging, arts, civic
    engagement)
  • 1970s researchers started to advance particular
    models
  • Kenneth Polk and Solomon Kobrin (1972).
    Delinquency Prevention Through Youth
    Development. Washington, DC Youth
    Development and Delinquency Prevention
    Administration.
  • 1990s A wide range of models influential in
    education, prevention and community-based
    services

22
There are Many Youth Development Models,
Frameworks, and Systems
23
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24
None of These Frameworks Have Been Adapted in any
Detail for Youth Already Involved with the
Juvenile Justice System
25
Research Findings Support the Idea of Using the
Youth Development Approach with Youthful Offenders
See the review in Catalano et al. (2004). ANNALS
of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science
26
Social Belonging was a key feature of
theSocial Development Model
Hawkins and WeisThe Social Development Model
An Integrated Approach to Delinquency
Prevention. Journal of Primary Prevention
1985
27
  • Academic achievement
  • Lower substance abuse
  • Lower delinquency

Sense of social belonging or social
membership
leads to or is associated with
  • Barber and Olsen (1997), Journal of Adolescent
    Research
  • Battistich and Horn (1997), American Journal of
    Public Health
  • Eccles et al. (1997), Journal of Adolescent
    Research

28
A range of positive educational outcomes
Participation in school-based and community
activities
  • Barber, Eccles and Stone (2001), Journal of
    Adolescent Research
  • Larson (2000), American Psychologist
  • Morrissey and Werner-Wilson (2005), Adolescence
  • Roth et al. (1998), Journal of Research on
    Adolescence

29
Sense of social responsibility and civic
engagement
Community service
  • Youniss and Yates (1997), University of Chicago
    Press

30
  • Educational aspirations
  • Leadership qualities
  • Ability to overcome adversity

Participation in organized activities in general
  • Scales, Benson, Leffert and Blyth (2000),
    Applied Developmental Science

31
Research on Youth Acquisition of Social Assets
Supports the Potential of the Youth Development
Approach
32
  • Findings from the Survey of Youth Assets
  • Study based at the Oklahoma Institute for Child
    Advocacy and the University of Oklahoma, funded
    by the federal Centers for Disease Control
    (CDC)
  • N gt 1,000 youth and parents from 2 midwestern,
    urban areas
  • 69 of youth in high school 31 in middle
    school
  • 48 cacuasian families 23 african-american
    families
  • 51 single-parent households
  • 65 families with households 35,000 or less in
    annual income

33
Youth with more assets are less likely to report
that they have previously carried weapons
14 of sample reported some weapon carrying
  • Aspy et al. (2004), Journal of Counseling and
    Development

34
Youth with more assets are less likely to report
that they have previously used drugs/alcohol
  • Oman et al. (2004). American Journal of Public
    Health

35
How Do We Transform the Juvenile Justice System
to Focus Interventions on Attaching Youth to
Assets and Facilitating Youth Development?
36
Reframing Goals and Mission
Traditional Approach
YDA Approach
  • Attach youth to positive social forces and
    assets.
  • Draw on community resources to engage youth.
  • Engage youth in pro-social activities and
    opportunities.
  • Establish control over offenders.
  • Fix youth problems with professional
    services.
  • Increase sanctions for anti-social
    behavior.

37
Very Different Perspectives
38
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39
Principal Challenges 1. Policy makers
and practitioners need a step-by-step guide to
designing and implementing YDA policies and
programs in a juvenile justice system.
2. YDA juvenile justice is only possible if a
community has a suitable assortment of
developmentally appropriate services,
opportunities and supports for young people,
including young offenders.
40
Jeffrey A. Butts, Ph.D.Research FellowChapin
Hall Center for ChildrenUniversity of
Chicagojabutts_at_uchicago.eduwww.jeffreybutts.ne
t
For more information
41
Aspy, Cheryl B., Roy F. Oman, Sara Vesely, Cheryl
B. Aspy, Kenneth R. McLeroy, Sharon Rodine, and
Ladonna Marshall (2004). Adolescent violence The
protective effects of youth assets. Journal of
Counseling and Development 82 268-276.Barber,
Bonnie L., Jacquelynne S. Eccles, and Margaret R.
Stone (2001). Whatever happened to the jock, the
brain, and the princess? Young adult pathways
linked to adolescent activity involvement and
social identity. Journal of Adolescent Research,
9(16) 429-455.Barber, Brian K., and Joseph A.
Olsen (2004). Assessing the transitions to middle
and high school. Journal of Adolescent Research,
19(1) 3-30.Battistich, Victor and Allen Horn
(1997). The relationship between students sense
of their school as a community and their
involvement in problem behaviors. American
Journal of Public Health, 87(12)
1997-2001.Catalano, Richard F., M. Lisa
Berglund, Jean A.M. Ryan, Heather S. Lonczak, and
J. David Hawkins (2004). Positive youth
development in the United States Research
findings on evaluations of positive youth
development programs. ANNALS of the American
Academy of Political and Social Science 591(1)
98-124.
Eccles, Jacquelynne S., Diane Early, Kari Fraser,
Elaine Belansky, and Karen McCarthy (1997). The
relation of connection, regulation, and support
for autonomy to adolescents functioning. Journal
of Adolescent Research, 4(12) 263-286.Hawkins,
David and Weiss, Joseph G. (1985). The social
development model An integrated approach to
delinquency prevention. Journal of Primary
Prevention, 6(2),73-97.Johnston, Lloyd D.,
Patrick M. O'Malley, Jerald G. Bachman John E.
Schulenberg (2007). Monitoring the Future
National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2006.
Volume I Secondary school students (NIH
Publication No. 07-6205). Bethesda, MD National
Institute on Drug Abuse.Jonas, Bruce S., Debra
Brody, Margaret Roper and William Narrow (2006).
Mood disorder prevalence among young men and
women in the United States. In Mental Health,
United States, 2004, Chapter 17, Figure 4.
Manderscheid, Ronald W. and Joyce T. Berry
(Editors). Rockville, MD U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA),
Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS).
References
42
Morrissey, Kathleen M., and Ronald Jay
Werner-Wilson (2005). The relationship between
out-of-school activities and positive youth
development An investigation of the influences
of communities and family. Adolescence, 40(157)
67-85.Office of Applied Studies (2006). 2005
National Survey on Drug Use Health National
Results. Appendix G Selected Prevalence Tables,
Table 43. Rockville, MD U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).
Oman, Roy F., Sara Vesely, Cheryl B. Aspy,
Kenneth R. McLeroy, Sharon Rodine, and Ladonna
Marshall (2004). The potential protective effect
of youth assets on adolescent alcohol and drug
use. American Journal of Public Health, 94(8)
1425-1430.Roth, Jodie, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn,
Lawrence Murray, William Foster (1998). Promoting
healthy adolescents Synthesis of youth
development program evaluations. Journal of
Research on Adolescence, 8(4) 423-459.Scales,
Peter, P. Benson, Nancy Leffert, D.A. Blyth
(2000). The contribution of developmental assets
to the prediction of thriving among adolescents.
Applied Developmental Science, 4 2746.
Scales, Peter C., and Nancy Leffert (2004).
Developmental Assets A Synthesis of the
Scientific Research on Adolescent Development
(second edition). Minneapolis Search
Institute.Teplin, Linda A., Karen M. Abram,
Gary M. McClelland, Mina K. Dulcan, and Amy A.
Mericle (2002). Psychiatric disorders in youth in
juvenile detention. Archives of General
Psychiatry 59(Dec) 1133-1143.U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services (1999). Mental
Health A Report of the Surgeon General.
Rockville, MD U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Administration, Center for Mental Health
Services, National Institutes of Health, National
Institute of Mental Health.Wasserman, Gail A.,
Larkin S. McReynolds, Susan J. Ko, Laura M. Katz,
and Jennifer R. Carpenter (2005). Gender
differences in psychiatric disorders at juvenile
probation intake. American Journal of Public
Health, 95(1) 131-137. Youniss, James and
Miranda Yates (1997). Community Service and
Social Responsibility in Youth. Chicago
University of Chicago Press.
References (continued)
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