Community Participation and the Millennium Goals Lessons from Caracas Miguel Lacabana y Cecilia Cari

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Community Participation and the Millennium
GoalsLessons from CaracasMiguel Lacabana y
Cecilia CariolaCentro de Estudios del Desarrollo
(CENDES)Universidad Central de
VenezuelaService Provision Governance in the
peri-urban interface of metropolitan areas
Research Project
International WorkshopGovernance of peri-urban
water and sanitation servicesThe role of
external support agencies 17-18 October 2005
University of Cape Town
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VENEZUELA

• Oil country (export 3.000.000 barrel/day)
• Population 26.000.000 inhabitants
• Income per capita US 5.000
• Poverty 48
• 1999 New Constitution and new national project
• Emphasis social, political and economic
  inclusion
• Distributive economic model

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Caracas Metropolitan Region
Caribbean Sea
VTM
Interbasin Main Pipeline
Caracas Peri-urban interface Towns and cities

• Valles del Tuy Medio (VTM) Case Study

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Caracas Metropolitan RegionPopulation Density
Source Census 2001
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Valles del Tuy MedioFeatures
(Cuadro 1)

• Fast growth of population with environmental and
  urban impacts

• High rates of unemployment and informal
  occupation. Concentration of poor sectors

(Cuadro 2)

• Deficits in the Water and Sanitation System

• Public and private investments in housing and
• Infrastructure (metropolitan rail and motorways)
• Great socio-territorial heterogeneity and new
• Stakeholders

(Mapa 2)
(Imagen)
(Cuadro 3)
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FEATURES OF THE WSSCMR
Hidrocapital Public Company

• Public
• Integrate
• Complex

Six subregional systems. VTM intakes, deposits
and pumping
(esquema Saps)
Technically and functionally
(esquema bombeo)

• Achievements 1998 2004
• Water Coverage 86 91
• Frequency 1- 27 days 1-15 days
• Water usage level 400 litres/person/day 350
  l/p/d
• Served water coverage 69 77
• Treatment served water 10 18
• Problems
• Coverage and frequency socially differentiated,
• Low billing, high unaccounted for water and low
  propensity to pay
• Lack of disposition and treatment of served
  water
• Poor Communities informal-illegal service,
  water tracks, gift water

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WSS New Institutional Framework

• 1999 New Constitution
• Participatory democracy
• All water is a good in the public domain
• 2001 New organic law of WSS (LOPSAPS)
• New institutional scheme
• Transfer of water service to the municipalities
  (2007). Water service can only be given under
  concession for a limited period.
• New kind of relationship between community and
  hydrological company Technical Water Forum

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WSSProcess of changes

• 1. Expansion of the service with greater equity
• 2. Incorporation of community participation in
  the design of policies and management of the WSS
• 3. Development of a new culture of water

We must highlight the new vision of the company
(service with social equity), the new
organizational culture that includes the creation
of the Department of Community Affairs and the
new relationship between company staff and the
communities where technical and popular knowledge
are shared.
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Technical Water Forum

• TWF Community organization based on the
  principle of co responsibility
• TWF Leading to improve the quality of life
  building citizenship
• It is not a type of instrumental participation
  but an effective participation in
• the design of policies and management of the
  service
• Positive impacts
• Extension of the service whit equity
• Reinforcement of social fabric
• Building citizenship without mediation
• Building new institutionalism (new network of
  State-Community relationship)
• Building a new culture of water

• Constraints
• Institutions Persistence of bureaucratic
  features and politics patronage
• Communities Persistence of individualist
  visions, the patronage culture with traditional
  leaderships and a culture of urgency.

Tensiones
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Lessons from Caracas Case Study

• The Caracas case study highlights the importance
  of community participation in the design of
  policies and management of the WSS as well as
  the existence of a regulatory framework with the
  decisive participation of the State, that is, a
  participative governance of water.
• Transition from a culture of needs to another of
  rights and duties
• Venezuela has already achieved the water
  Millennium Goals
• These achievements must be connected closely
  with
• the community participation
• the commitment of the public hydrological
  companies
• the great availability of financial resources
  from petroleum income
• In the case of Caracas these achievements are
  associated to a model of relationship between
  State-Communities without private mediation
• Finally, we think that the Caracas case study
  has been a great opportunity to study the
  processes, mechanisms and tools that have
  contributed to improve access of the periurban
  poor to the WSS. Its achievements could be
  considered for the design of public policies
  regarding water and sanitation access

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G R A C I A S
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Evolución de la población y participación
relativa RMC y VTM
Fuente Elaboración propia con base en INE
Censos Nacionales
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Mapa 2Valles del Tuy Medio
?
Cartanal
?
Charallave
?
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Cambios en el Uso del Suelo
Fuente Elaboración propia con base en
glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/landsat/. Imágenes 1992
y 2001
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Cambios Uso del Suelo en VTM 1992 2001
1992
2001
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UCV-CENDES
Fuente HIDROCAPITAL,2003.