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The Strategic Initiative on Urban and Periurban Agriculture: overview and report on wastewater resea

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Management of liquid and solid wastes in Hanoi. Challenges... of agro-enterprise waste in Hanoi ... Rootcrop Processing and Pig-raising in Peri-urban Hanoi ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Strategic Initiative on Urban and Periurban Agriculture: overview and report on wastewater resea


1
The Strategic Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban
Agriculture overview and report on wastewater
research
2
  • Why urban agriculture?
  • SIUPA goals, purposes
  • Four pillars of research
  • Partnerships
  • Management of liquid and solid wastes in Hanoi

3
Challenges.
  • Rapid urbanization in all developing regions,
    with the fastest growth in Africa and Asia
  • Urbanization of poverty food insecurity,
    unemployment, underemployment,
  • Environmental and health impacts of urbanization,
    especially in mega-cities

4
..and Opportunities
  • Growing, changing urban
  • demand for crop and animal products
  • Ready access to diverse markets for perishable,
    high value products
  • Availability of underutilized and hidden
    resources land, water, nutrients, fragmented
    labour

5
Projected Changes in Urban Population, 1970-2020.
Asia (49)
Latin America (13)
Industrialized (25)
6
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7
The response why urban agriculture?
  • Why its not enough
  • Access to healthy food
  • Urban/peri-urban income and
  • employment
  • Self-determination and
  • empowerment
  • Sustainable food systems (lowering food miles)
  • Sustainable cities
  • Increased rural food production/supply
  • Urban, peri-urban agricultural production
  • ancient provisioning strategy
  • modern response to new structural and
    urban conditions

8
Urban Agriculture Whos Doing It? Where?
  • 800 million worldwide (UNDP)
  • Several distinct systems or styles
  • Survival
  • Women-managed food security
  • Family food security, cash-back
  • Cash supplement
  • Commercial major source of vegetables/dairy
  • Locations
  • Private garden plots, public lands, squatted
    private lands
  • Peri-urban (surrounding city and with multiple
    economic, social and ecological links)

9
SIUPA Goals
  • Improve nutritional status of urban farming
    families
  • Provide safer, better food supply, with increased
    value
  • Reduce negative environmental impact of UPA
  • Promote UPA as positive, productive and essential
    component for sustainable cities

10
Purposes
  • Better policies
  • For safe, sustainable urban food production
  • Better technologies
  • For improved food quantity, quality and
    sustainability
  • Methods
  • For enhanced biodiversity conservation
  • Integration
  • Of research, development efforts

11
Four Pillars of Urban Agriculture Research and
Development
Sustainable Urban Livelihoods
Stakeholder and policy dialogue
12
Knowledge sharing, research and capacity building
through partnerships
  • IARC skills pooling AVRDC, CIAT, CIP, ICRAF,
    IITA, ILRI, IPGRI, IWMI, System-wide programs
    (PRGA, SLP)
  • Global platform for UPA knowledge sharing
    Support Group on Urban Agriculture (IDRC, DGIS,
    GTZ, FAO, UNDP, UN-HABITAT, SIUPA, CIRAD, Interl
    NGOs)
  • Tapping special skills in ARIs (CIRAD,
    Wageningen)
  • Regional networks (formal and via receptor
    cities)
  • NARSs, municipal authorities, local development
    agencies

13
Anchoring research in regional sites
Russia, Eastern Europe food security gardens
Southwest Asia Anchor Dhaka Satellites
secondary cities
Southeast Asia Anchor Hanoi Satellite Manila
Sub-Saharan Africa Anchors Yaounde, Kampala,
Nairobi Satellites Dar, Nairobi
14
Assessment and management of agro-enterprise
waste in Hanoi
Dai Peters, Do Duc Ngai, Gordon Prain
  • Agriculture in the urban environment
  • Rootcrop processing and pig-raising in
    peri-urban Hanoi
  • Environmental impact assessment
  • Turning a problem into an opportunity wastewater
    irrigation
  • Conclusions and issues for attention

15
Agriculture in the Urban Environment
  • Agricultural input use in high density areas
  • Contaminated farmland
  • Source of disease vectors, nuisances
  • Insecurity of land tenure (short-termism)
  • Low levels of social capital
  • Geographical concentrations of enterprise
    clusters
  • Source of nutrition and income
  • Green space in high density areas
  • Use of recycled inputs
  • Source of psycho-social health
  • Source of communal empowerment
  • Integration of input, services, production,
    trading enterprises

16
Rootcrop Processing and Pig-raising in Peri-urban
Hanoi
17
Average household income of processing villages
versus non-processing villages
Note US1.00 15,000 Vn dong
18
Starch processing
Pig-raising
  • 6000 processing and service enterprises, 30,000
    people
  • Concentration in few communes
  • 1.45 million m3 waste water from 125,000 tons of
    roots
  • 52,000 tons solid wastes
  • Most families raise pigs
  • Stall-fed with farm by-products
  • Pig manure for crops
  • Sale of manure from large enterprises
  • Waste water from stall-cleaning mixes with all
    waste water

19
Environmental Impact Assessment (CIP-IWMI-IEBR)
  • Household typology and mapping
  • Disposal network mapping (liquid wastes)
  • Water quality assessment
  • Water accounting and assessment of current waste
    treatment
  • Solid waste volumes and disposal pathways
  • Processor and non-processor perceptions survey

20
Noodle
21
Water use by households
22
Waste water collection pond
Drainage channels - ground water contamination?
23
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24
  • Drainage channels leading to neighboring villages

25
Water quality assessment Wastewater
characteristics at point of processing (mg/liter)
26
Changes in water quality across the water
disposal network
27
D
C1
C2
B1
B2
A1
A2
28
Turning environmental problems into economic
opportunities
  • Biogas from pig and human waste
  • Fuel and fertilizer from solid wastes
  • Increased efficiency in processing
  • Waste water as enriched irrigation water

29
Evaluation of wastewater (WW) for irrigation
  • Pot trials to evaluate
  • Effects of different concentrations of WW on
    performance of different crops
  • Effects of different concentrations of WW on
    soils
  • Crops Rice corn, sweetpotato, water taro,
    kangkung
  • Treatments 0 20 40 60 80 100 WW
  • Field trials to evaluate
  • Effects of WW applied to crops at different
    growth stages
  • Effects of WW settling on rice productivity
  • Possible adverse health effects
  • Crops Rice, water taro, kangkung
  • Treatments early/late, regular/sporadic
    irrigation

30
Wastewater Irrigation Trial in Garden
Rice, kangkung, taro, sweetpotato, and corn all
show better growth when irrigated with 80-100 of
wastewater
0
20
40
60
80
100
31
Rice yields from three sub-plots in field trial
Irrigation once every two weeks
32
Changes of WW characteristics in ricefields
33
Conclusions
  • Household agro-enterprises offer good
    opportunities for income generation
  • Wastes generated from these enterprises
    contribute to pollution and nuisance, health risk
  • Existing drainage system reduces levels of some
    pollutants
  • Waste water contains significant quantities of
    nutrients that can be used enough WW for two
    rice crops for commune

34
  • A concentration of 80 100 waste water provides
    highest yield boost
  • Weekly application of wastewater on young plants
    gives best results for most species
  • Settling of nutrients and contaminants occurs in
    standing wastewater with loss of yield effects
    but also reduction of harmful microbiological
    contaminants

35
Further work
  • Validation of timing and frequency of WW
    application
  • Reducing health risks from contaminants whilst
    benefiting from nutrients
  • Increase efficiency of stabilization ponds
  • Education program on use of WW (avoid entering
    fields first two weeks)
  • Soil conditioning issues
  • Salinity
  • Characteristics of settling
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