Title: The Strategic Initiative on Urban and Periurban Agriculture: overview and report on wastewater resea
1The Strategic Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban
Agriculture overview and report on wastewater
research
2- Why urban agriculture?
- SIUPA goals, purposes
- Four pillars of research
- Partnerships
- Management of liquid and solid wastes in Hanoi
3Challenges.
- Rapid urbanization in all developing regions,
with the fastest growth in Africa and Asia
- Urbanization of poverty food insecurity,
unemployment, underemployment,
- Environmental and health impacts of urbanization,
especially in mega-cities
4..and Opportunities
- Growing, changing urban
- demand for crop and animal products
- Ready access to diverse markets for perishable,
high value products
- Availability of underutilized and hidden
resources land, water, nutrients, fragmented
labour
5Projected Changes in Urban Population, 1970-2020.
Asia (49)
Latin America (13)
Industrialized (25)
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7 The response why urban agriculture?
- Why its not enough
- Access to healthy food
- Urban/peri-urban income and
- employment
- Self-determination and
- empowerment
- Sustainable food systems (lowering food miles)
- Sustainable cities
- Increased rural food production/supply
- Urban, peri-urban agricultural production
- ancient provisioning strategy
- modern response to new structural and
urban conditions
8 Urban Agriculture Whos Doing It? Where?
- 800 million worldwide (UNDP)
- Several distinct systems or styles
- Survival
- Women-managed food security
- Family food security, cash-back
- Cash supplement
- Commercial major source of vegetables/dairy
- Locations
- Private garden plots, public lands, squatted
private lands - Peri-urban (surrounding city and with multiple
economic, social and ecological links)
9SIUPA Goals
- Improve nutritional status of urban farming
families - Provide safer, better food supply, with increased
value - Reduce negative environmental impact of UPA
- Promote UPA as positive, productive and essential
component for sustainable cities
10Purposes
- Better policies
- For safe, sustainable urban food production
- Better technologies
- For improved food quantity, quality and
sustainability - Methods
- For enhanced biodiversity conservation
- Integration
- Of research, development efforts
11Four Pillars of Urban Agriculture Research and
Development
Sustainable Urban Livelihoods
Stakeholder and policy dialogue
12Knowledge sharing, research and capacity building
through partnerships
- IARC skills pooling AVRDC, CIAT, CIP, ICRAF,
IITA, ILRI, IPGRI, IWMI, System-wide programs
(PRGA, SLP) - Global platform for UPA knowledge sharing
Support Group on Urban Agriculture (IDRC, DGIS,
GTZ, FAO, UNDP, UN-HABITAT, SIUPA, CIRAD, Interl
NGOs) - Tapping special skills in ARIs (CIRAD,
Wageningen) - Regional networks (formal and via receptor
cities) - NARSs, municipal authorities, local development
agencies
13Anchoring research in regional sites
Russia, Eastern Europe food security gardens
Southwest Asia Anchor Dhaka Satellites
secondary cities
Southeast Asia Anchor Hanoi Satellite Manila
Sub-Saharan Africa Anchors Yaounde, Kampala,
Nairobi Satellites Dar, Nairobi
14Assessment and management of agro-enterprise
waste in Hanoi
Dai Peters, Do Duc Ngai, Gordon Prain
- Agriculture in the urban environment
- Rootcrop processing and pig-raising in
peri-urban Hanoi - Environmental impact assessment
- Turning a problem into an opportunity wastewater
irrigation - Conclusions and issues for attention
15Agriculture in the Urban Environment
- Agricultural input use in high density areas
- Contaminated farmland
- Source of disease vectors, nuisances
- Insecurity of land tenure (short-termism)
- Low levels of social capital
- Geographical concentrations of enterprise
clusters
- Source of nutrition and income
- Green space in high density areas
- Use of recycled inputs
- Source of psycho-social health
- Source of communal empowerment
- Integration of input, services, production,
trading enterprises
16Rootcrop Processing and Pig-raising in Peri-urban
Hanoi
17Average household income of processing villages
versus non-processing villages
Note US1.00 15,000 Vn dong
18Starch processing
Pig-raising
- 6000 processing and service enterprises, 30,000
people - Concentration in few communes
- 1.45 million m3 waste water from 125,000 tons of
roots - 52,000 tons solid wastes
- Most families raise pigs
- Stall-fed with farm by-products
- Pig manure for crops
- Sale of manure from large enterprises
- Waste water from stall-cleaning mixes with all
waste water
19Environmental Impact Assessment (CIP-IWMI-IEBR)
- Household typology and mapping
- Disposal network mapping (liquid wastes)
- Water quality assessment
- Water accounting and assessment of current waste
treatment - Solid waste volumes and disposal pathways
- Processor and non-processor perceptions survey
20Noodle
21Water use by households
22Waste water collection pond
Drainage channels - ground water contamination?
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24- Drainage channels leading to neighboring villages
25Water quality assessment Wastewater
characteristics at point of processing (mg/liter)
26Changes in water quality across the water
disposal network
27D
C1
C2
B1
B2
A1
A2
28Turning environmental problems into economic
opportunities
- Biogas from pig and human waste
- Fuel and fertilizer from solid wastes
- Increased efficiency in processing
- Waste water as enriched irrigation water
29Evaluation of wastewater (WW) for irrigation
- Pot trials to evaluate
- Effects of different concentrations of WW on
performance of different crops - Effects of different concentrations of WW on
soils - Crops Rice corn, sweetpotato, water taro,
kangkung - Treatments 0 20 40 60 80 100 WW
- Field trials to evaluate
- Effects of WW applied to crops at different
growth stages - Effects of WW settling on rice productivity
- Possible adverse health effects
- Crops Rice, water taro, kangkung
- Treatments early/late, regular/sporadic
irrigation
30Wastewater Irrigation Trial in Garden
Rice, kangkung, taro, sweetpotato, and corn all
show better growth when irrigated with 80-100 of
wastewater
0
20
40
60
80
100
31Rice yields from three sub-plots in field trial
Irrigation once every two weeks
32Changes of WW characteristics in ricefields
33Conclusions
- Household agro-enterprises offer good
opportunities for income generation - Wastes generated from these enterprises
contribute to pollution and nuisance, health risk
- Existing drainage system reduces levels of some
pollutants - Waste water contains significant quantities of
nutrients that can be used enough WW for two
rice crops for commune
34- A concentration of 80 100 waste water provides
highest yield boost - Weekly application of wastewater on young plants
gives best results for most species - Settling of nutrients and contaminants occurs in
standing wastewater with loss of yield effects
but also reduction of harmful microbiological
contaminants
35Further work
- Validation of timing and frequency of WW
application - Reducing health risks from contaminants whilst
benefiting from nutrients - Increase efficiency of stabilization ponds
- Education program on use of WW (avoid entering
fields first two weeks) - Soil conditioning issues
- Salinity
- Characteristics of settling