The Holocaust:

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The Holocaust

• A Very Brief Introduction to the Research Paper
  Topic

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Definitions

• Anti-Judaism opposition to the Jewish people
  because of their religious beliefs
• Antisemitism opposition to specifically the Jews
  because of their allegedly biological or
  racial identity as Jews

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The Holocaust Word Origin

• "Holocaust" is a word of Greek
• origin meaning "sacrifice by fire."
• Source United States Holocaust Memorial
• Museum

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The Holocaust

• During World War II, Nazi Germany and its
  collaborators murdered approximately six million
  Jews. The Holocaust is the name used to refer to
  this systematic, bureaucratic, and
  state-sponsored campaign of persecution and
  murder. Beginning with racially discriminatory
  laws in Germany, the Nazi campaign expanded to
  the mass murder of all European Jews.
• Source United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

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Nazis

• Came to power January 1933
• Considered Germans racially superior
• Invaded Poland 9/1/39 beginning WWII
• Created ghettos
• Created camps
• Created mobile killing units (Einsatzgruppen)

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• How many people did Hitler kill?
• One...himself

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• To segregate millions of people
• To oppress millions of people
• To deport millions of people
• To kill millions of people
• Takes hundreds of thousands of people

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Jews/Jewish Life

• 1933 9 million European Jews
• Eastern Europe spoke own language, Yiddish,
  which combines elements of German and Hebrew
  stayed within own areas

• Western Europe adopted traditions of non-Jewish
  neighbors
• Some wealthy, some poor

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The Holocaust

• Also included other groups
• Poles
• Sinti Roma
• Handicapped
• Jehovahs Witnesses
• Homosexuals

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Polish Population

• 2 groups
• Jewish
• Roman Catholic Poles
• Viewed as subhuman occupying land vital to
  Germany

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Nazi Treatment of Jews

• Genocidal policy targeted ALL of Polands 3.3
  million Jewish men, women, and children

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Nazi Treatment of Poles

• Killed many Polish leaders (political, religious,
  intellectual)
• Kidnapped Polish children judged racially
  suitable for adoption by German families
• Confined Poles in prisons camps where many died

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Forced Labor Camps (Poles)

• Forced to wear Ps sewn to their clothing
• Subjected to curfew
• Banned from public transportation
• Paid less wages
• Worked longer hours
• Often lived in segregated barracks
• Danzig, Tarnow, Auschwitz, Majdanek

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Sinti Roma Tribes

• 1939 30,000-35,000 people known as Gypsies
  lived in Germany Austria
• Total population of countries occupied by Germany
  during WWII was approx. 942,000
• Europeans thought they came from Egypt
• Ethnic minority made up of tribes or nations
• They were slaves in Balkan areas of Moldavia
  Wallachia until 1864 (Romania liberated them)

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Sinti Roma Tribes

• Concentration Camp Prisoner IDs
• Black triangular patches
• Symbol for asocials
• Green ones symbol for professional criminals
• Letter Z

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Handicapped

• Law for the Prevention of Progeny with
  Hereditary Diseases 1933

• Forced sterilization of people with
• Mental illness
• Retardation
• Physical deformity
• Epilepsy
• Blindness
• Deafness
• Severe alcoholism

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Handicapped

• Euthanasia Program
• Extermination of those not fitting the perfect
  Aryan person

• Forced sterilization of people with
• Mental illness
• Retardation
• Physical deformity
• Epilepsy
• Blindness
• Deafness
• Severe alcoholism

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Handicapped

• Hartheim castle, a
• euthanasia killing center
• where people with
• physical and mental
• disabilities were killed by
• gassing and lethal
• injection. Hartheim,
• Austria, date uncertain

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Jehovahs Witnesses

• Religious beliefs did not allow them to swear
  allegiance to any worldly power
• Religious sect originated in U.S. had about
  20,000 members in Germany in 1933
• Had opportunity to escape persecution by
  renouncing religious beliefs
• Vast majority refused
• Refused to participate in army or politics

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Homosexuals

• Offensive to Nazis
• Nazis arrested, convicted, incarcerated them in
  camps tried to change behavior
• Wore pink triangle in camps

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Research Paper Topics

• Concentration Camps (and/or Auschwitz)
• Nazi Propaganda (Joseph Goebbels)
• Medical Experiments
• Hitler Youth (Hitlerjugend)
• The Final Solution
• Anti-Jewish Legislation

• Persecution of the Jews in Germany, 1933-38
• Kristallnacht Nuremberg Laws
• Three Rescuers Chiune Sugihara, Raoul
  Wallenberg, Oskar Schindler
• Jewish Resistance Movements
• Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

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Concentration Camps

• Forced-Labor Camps Auschwitz
• POW Camps Majdanek

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Transit Camps

• Transit Camps
• Westerbork in Netherlands
• Drancy in France
• en route to killing centers in occupied Poland
• last stop before deportation to death camp

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Death Camps

• Extermination Camps
• Auschwitz-Birkenau had four gas chambers

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Labor Camps

• Forced-Labor Camps
• Auschwitz-Monowitz, etc.
• Labor for local rubber plant

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Auschwitz patrolled by SS

• Auschwitz I 1940
• gas chamber, crematorium
• medical experiments
• Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) 1942
• death camp
• Auschwitz III (Auschwitz-Monowitz) 1942
• labor camp for local rubber plant

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Nazi Propaganda

• May 1933 Book Burnings (Ernest Hemingway, Helen
  Keller)
• Covered up atrocities, convinced people Jews were
  subhuman

• The Nazi Propaganda Ministry
• Dr. Joseph Geobbels
• Controlled all forms of communication
• newspapers, magazines, books
• art, music
• rallies, meetings, movies, radio

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Medical Experiments

• Dr. Josef Mengele at Auschwitz-Birkenau
• Experiments without consent
• Twins, dwarfs, children
• To find better medical treatments for German
  soldiers airmen
• intended to establish "Jewish racial inferiority

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Hitler Youth

• Hitlerjugend
• Lured children with camping, games, fun
• Trained children to be faithful to the Nazi Party
• League of German Girls

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The Final Solution

• Nazi anti-Jewish policy evolved into a
  comprehensive plan to concentrate and eventually
  annihilate European Jewry
• Genocide using killing squads, ghettos, and camps

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Persecution of the Jews in Germany, 1933-1938

• Rise of Nazi Regime from Hitlers appointment to
  chancellor
• Laws enacted against Jews taking businesses
  away, deportation
• Police power brutality, killing
• Exterminate Jews who were considered subhuman

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Kristallnacht

• Night of Broken Glass
• 11/9/38
• Violence against Jews broke out
• Set off by Germans' anger over the assassination
  of a German official in Paris at the hands of a
  Jewish teenager

• Synagogues, businesses looted and destroyed, etc.
  while police stood by
• 30,000 Jewish Germans were arrested next morning
  for being Jewish sent to camps

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Nuremberg Laws

• Laws excluded German Jews from Reich citizenship
• Prohibited them from marrying or having sexual
  relations with persons of "German or related
  blood"
• Additional ordinances to the laws disenfranchised
  Jews and deprived them of most political rights
• Grandparents rule

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Rescuers

• Chiune Sugihara
• Participated in rescue plan providing visas to
  Polish Jewish refugees stranded in Kovno (against
  Japanese policy)

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Rescuers

• Raoul Wallenberg
• Swedish diplomat who saved the lives of tens of
  thousands of Jews in Budapest in 1944
• issued thousands of protective documents
• established the International Ghetto of protected
  houses
• secured their release from deportation trains,
  death march convoys, and labor service brigades

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Rescuers

• Oskar Schindler
• Schindler employed Jewish workers in his
  factories
• Set up bogus munitions factory

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Jewish Resistance Movements

• Residents of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, a Protestant
  village in southern France, helped thousands of
  refugees, including about 5,000 Jews, escape Nazi
  persecution between 1941 and 1944
• Organized armed resistance was most direct form
  of Jewish opposition
• Jewish resistance also focused on aid, rescue,
  spiritual resistance
• Preservation of Jewish cultural institutions
  the continuance of religious observance were acts
  of spiritual resistance to the Nazi policy of
  genocide

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Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

• Most famous attempt by Jews to resist the Germans
  in armed fighting occurred in the Warsaw ghetto
• Resist going to railroad cars knowing they head
  to death camp
• 750 fighters used a small supply of weapons that
  had been smuggled into the ghetto (lasted a month)